8.1mec PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

C1 - Soil testing is needed for what kinds of buildings?

A

All buildings except single family dwellings

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2
Q

C2 - Describe the function of and difference between test pits and boring.

A

The geotech Engineer generates a soil profile to show the strata (horizons) of varied soil types.

Test Pit (<3)

Boring (>3)

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3
Q

C3 - Describe the 2 broad classes of soil.

A
  1. coarse grain (particles visible to naked eye)
    • gravel
    • sand
  2. fine grain
    • silt
    • clay
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4
Q

C4 - How does ASTME define soil types. (4)

A

1 - description (ex: silty gravel)

2 - bearing capacity (ex: 5000 psf)

3 - susceptibility slight (ex: slight)

4 - permeability + drainage (ex: poor)

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5
Q

C5 - Define ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY.

A

Max unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose VERTICALLY or LATERALLY on soil mass.

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6
Q

C6 - Define a standard penetration test.

A

Measures density of granular soils by recording the number of blows required to advance a standard soil sampler

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7
Q

C7 - Describe the shearing strength of cohesive and granular soils when unconfined.

A
  1. Cohesive - maintain strength when unconfined
  2. Granular - require a confining force for their shear resistance
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8
Q

C8 - Describe 6 potential soil problems.

A

1 - SETTLEMENT - dead load causes structure to compact soil and ‘settle’

2 - DIFFERENTIAL settlement causes cracks

3 - FROST action heaving during freeze thaw = stress on footing .: footing must be 12” below frost line

4 - EARTH MVMT prevalent w clay soils .: footings lower than 5’ subject to less mvmt

5 - soil DRAINAGE moisture content impacts bearing capacity .:must know water level & drain properly

6 - WATER TABLE foundation must be well above water table to avoid • hydrostatic pressure • capillary action

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9
Q

C9 - Describe 5 potential soil interventions.

A

1 - SOIL MODIFICATION - to improve consitancy/bearing etc.

2 - INCREASE BEARING CAPACITY - deepening of footing - increase bearing area of footing

3 - IMPROVE DRAINAGE - increase bearing capacity

4 - REMOVE/REPLACE UNSUITABLE SUBSOIL - typ. replaced w compacted granular engineered mix

5 - COMPACTION - w rollers

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10
Q

C10 - Describe 4 types of earthwork in order of execution.

A

1 - ROUGH GRADING - permanently filled slopes stable @<2:1

2 - EXCAVATION - removal of existing - permanently cut slopes are stable @ <1.5:1

3 - BACKFILL - earth replaced around foundations + footings - deposit in 6-12” layers - tamp to avoid settlement

4 - FINISH GRADING - final distribution of earth @ conclusion of construction - accurate win 1”

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11
Q

C11 - If soils are not adequately dense for a foundation to bear upon, what can be done?

A

The soil may need compaction in order to achieve optimum density or soaking to achieve optimum moisture content.

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12
Q

C12 - Silt and sandy soils are typically _____ and susceptible to _____.

A
  • impervious
  • frost
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13
Q

C13 - Ideal soil type for construction?

A

Clean (no silt or clay) sand or gravel

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14
Q

C14 - Which soil types have either very poor or unsuitable bearing capacity.

A

All organic soils:

  • Organic silt-clay
  • Organic clay and silt
  • Peat (highly organic = unsuitable)
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15
Q

M1 - WHAT IS THE WATER PRESSURE IN CITY SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND HOW MANY STOREYS CAN BE SUPPLIED WITHOUT A PUMP?

A

50 PSI - 6 STOREYS

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16
Q

M2 - HOW IS WATER SUPPLIED ABOVE 6 STOREYS?

A

THE WATER IS PUMPED UP TO A ROOFTOP RESERVOIR & GRAVITY DOWNFEED

17
Q

M3 - LIST THE SEQUENCE FROM SUPPLY MAIN TO WATER FIXTURE

A

1 - WATER MAIN

2 - CURB BOX

3 - WATER METER

4 - PAST SHUT OFF VALVE

5 - HOT WATER TANK

6 - RISERS

7 - BRANCHES

8 - FIXTURES

18
Q

M4 - MINIMUM SLOPE OF A SANITARY DRAIN

A

1-2%

19
Q

M5 - FUNCTION OF A VENT IN A SANITARY SYSTEM

A
  • ALLOW SEPTIC GAS TO ESCAPE
  • PREVENT VACUUM SIPHONING
20
Q

M6 - FUNCTION OF A TRAP IN A SANITARY SYSTEM

A

• SEAL SEWER GASSES SO THEY CANNOT ESCAPE THE FIXTURE

21
Q

M07 - Describe Heat Loss and Heat Gain.

A

Heat Loss

  • heat loss to exterior in cold weather
  • convection / radiation / conduction

Heat Gain

  • heat gained within the building
  • latent heat / lighting / occupants
22
Q

M08 - Describe a radiator and a fin-tube convector.

A

Radiator

  • series /coil of pipes w steam or hot water inside
  • heats space by radiating heat

Fin-Tube Convector (baseboard)

  • series of thin vertical tubes spaced closely to max heat transfer to air
  • cool air drawn in from below by convection, and heated by contact with fins and discharged out the top
23
Q

M09 - List the 6 main Fuel/Power Sources for heating and cooling systems.

A
  1. Natural Gas
    • burns clean / no storage rqrd
  2. Propane
    • burns clean / >$ natural gas
  3. Oil
    • efficient and rqrs delivery /storage tanks
  4. Coal
    • rarely used in residential and only sometimes in commercial
  5. Electricity
    • clean /compact /costly
  6. Properly harvested wood
    • sustainable energy source
    • causes poor IAQ and air pollution