Thoracic wall, lungs & middle mediastinum Flashcards
1
Q
what encloses the thoracic cavity
A
Thoracic wall and diaphram
2
Q
compartments of the thoracic cavity
A
Left and Right Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
3
Q
what bounds the inferior thoracic apperature
A
xiphoid process
costal cartilage
T12
12th ribds
4
Q
what bounds the thoracic inlet
A
Manubrium of the sternum
Rib 1
T1
5
Q
where is the sternal angle
A
At the articulation point of the manubrium of the sternum and the body of the sternum
6
Q
vertebral level of sternal angle
A
T4-T5
7
Q
land marks of the sternal angle
A
Bifurcation of the trachea
arch of the aorta
articulation of rib 2
8
Q
Posterior thoracic wall
A
Thoracic vertebrae
9
Q
Lateral thoracic wall
A
Ribs and Intercostal mm
10
Q
Anterior thoracic wall
A
Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
11
Q
part of the manubrium for the sternoclavicular joint
A
Clavicular notch
12
Q
where does the body of the sternum meet the manubrium
A
Sternal angle
13
Q
the lowest point of the sternum
A
Xiphoid process
14
Q
WHat does the head of the rib articulate with
A
2 vertebral bodies and 1 disc
15
Q
what does the Tubercle of the rib articulate with
A
the transverse process
16
Q
what large portionof the rib
A
The body
17
Q
The region of greatest curve on the body of a rib
A
Angle
18
Q
What forms the costal groove
A
Formed by intercostal V, A, and N
19
Q
where is the pectoral region
A
External to anterior thoracic wall
20
Q
roll of the pectoral region
A
anchors upper limb to the trunk
21
Q
what is the superficial compartment of the pectoral region contain
A
Skin, supericial fascia and boob
22
Q
what does the deep comparment of the pectoral region contain
A
Muscles and associated strucutres
23
Q
Development of boobs in men in women
A
Well developed in women
Rudimentary in men
24
Q
what does the breast consist of
A
Secretory glands in fatty matrix
Overlying skin and superficial fascia
25
What supplies blood too the lateral breast
Vessels from axillary A (superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular)
26
what supplies blood to the medial breast
Branches from internal thoracic A
| Branches from 2-4th intercostal aa
27
Lymphatics of breast drain to
Parasternal nodes
| Axillary nodes
28
what does Curaneous innervates the breast
Lateral and anterior branches of 2nd to 6th intercostal nn
29
Muscles of the pectoral region
Pec major and minor
30
what are the heads of the pec major
Clavicular and sternocostal heads
31
What envelops the pec minor
Clavipectoral fascia
32
what are the intercostal
| (span 1 rib) muscles
External
Internal
Innermost
33
what muscles span 2 ribs
Subcostal
| transversus thoracis
34
direction of external intercostals
Run down and towards the midline
35
direction of internal intercostals
Run down and to the lateral
36
direction of innermost intercostals
Run down and to the lateral
37
how do artiers, vein and nerves arange themselves in the intercostal
Below the rib going down: V, A, N
| Above the rib going up: V, A, N
38
where are intercostal V,A,N
Between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles
39
where do anterior intercostal arteries come of
Internal thoracic artery (run on the side of the sternal
40
where do posterior intercostal arteries come off
The thoracic aorta
| top two arties come off the supreme intercostal artery
41
anterior intercostal veins drain to
Anterior thoracic Vein
42
posterior intercostal veins drain to
azygos vein
43
LEft superior intercostal vein drains into
Left brachiocephalic vein
44
Right superior intercostal vein drains into
azygous veins
45
where do the intercostal V, A, N day
Lie in the costal groove
46
where is the costal groove
Inferior margin of the rib
47
Collaterial intervostal a, v, and , run what direction superior to inferior
N, A, V
48
what do Colateral n, a, v arise from
Intercostal n and vessels
49
where are collateral nerve artery and vein
SUperior margin of the below rib
50
where are the plueral cavities
On either side of the medisitunum
51
what is found between the visceral and serous pleura
Potential space
52
does the pleura cavity contain the lungs
NO
53
what is the pleura
A serous secreting membrane to reduce friction
54
what does the parietal pleura cover
The thoracic walls
55
sensitivity of the parietal pleual
Very sensitive to pain
56
innervation of the parietal pleura
Intercostal and phrenic nn
57
what does the Visceral pleura conver
The lungs
58
Sensitivity of the visceral pleura
Not sensitive (no sensory nerves)
59
where are the parietal and visceral pleura continous
At the root of the lung
60
Pathological accumulation of excess fluid within the pleural space
Pleural effusion
61
What does A pleural effusion do
May compress lungs
| Difficulty in breathing
62
where can you see a pleural effusion
Visible on chest films that can obscure the lung
63
An accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
64
what does Pneumothorax lead to
Collapse of the lung due to its own elasticity
65
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax
66
what can hemothorax do if blood is not removed
Adhesion and infection if not removed
67
Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
68
what does Pleurisy lead to
Formation of adhesion between parietal and visceral pleura
| Exquisite pain relative to pareital pleura
69
aspiration of fluids from the pleural space
Pleural tap (thoracentesis)
70
where is the pleural tap done
Midaxxillary line or slightly posterior
| Between Intercostal space 6 or 7
71
why not insert needle between 8 or 9 Intercostal space for pleural tap
Can pierce the diaphram, liver or spleen
72
how is the needle for the pleural tap
Avoiding intercostal n and vessels
73
Lobes of the right lung
Upper (superior)
Middle
Lower (inferior)
74
Lobes of the left lung
Upper (superior)
| Lower (inferior)
75
what are the fissures of the lungs
Oblique (major) fissue on both lungs
| Horizontal (minor )fissure on the right lung
76
Impressions on the Right lung
Esophagus
Superior and inferior vena cava
azygus vein above the hilum
77
Impressions of the left lung
Heart
thoracic aorta
Arch of aorta over hilum
78
Grooves on the lungs
Costal grooves
| Verteberal grooves
79
What is the short tubular collection of structures that connect the lung to the mediastinum
The root of the lung
80
what does the root of the lung consist of
Bronchi and Pulmonary vessels
81
what covers the root of the lung
Sleeve of the pleura
82
what does the root of the lung plura extend down as
The pulmonary ligament
83
The inferior fold of pleura
Pulmonary ligament
84
what is in the pulmonary ligament
Mostly empty and collapsed with a few lymph vessels
85
what are the strucutres going in and out of the lung
Bronchi- thick walls (white and shiny)
Pulmonary artery on top (thicker walls)
Pulmonary vein on the bottom (thinner walls)
86
Remeber the pulmonary artery to the bronchi
RA LS
R-Right (pulmonary A) A- anterior to bronchi
L- Left (pulmonary A) S-superior to bronchi
87
what does the trachea split into
2 primary (main) bronchi
88
what does the primary (main bronchi split into
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
89
number of Secondary (lobar) bronchi
3 in the right
| 2 in the left
90
what do Secondary (lobar) bronchi split into
Ttertiary (segmental) bronchi
91
Number of Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
8-10
92
area of the lung supplied by a segment of bronchus and a single brnach of pulmonary artery
Bronchopulmonary segment
93
what is the smallest functionally independent region of the lung
Bronchopulmonary segment
94
where are the sympathetic trunks
Paravertebral
95
what do the sympathetic trunks contribute to at the root of the lung
Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses
96
Roll of the sympathetic trunks on the airways
Dilates bronchioles
97
where does the vagus n travel
Posterior to the roots of lungs and closelt applied to the trachea, esophagus, and aorta
98
what does the vagus nn contibute to near the lungs
ANterior and posterior pulmonary plexues
99
Roll of the vagus nn on the bronchioles
Constricts
100
what nerve passes posterior to the root of the lung
The Vagus
101
What nerve passes anterior to the roots of the lungs
Phrenic nn
102
what does the Phrenic nn adhere closely to
Pericardial sac
103
what do pericardiocophren vessels run with
phrenic nn
104
what do pericardiacophrenic vessels branch off of
Internal thoracic aa, and brachiocephalic vv
105
what arteries supplies nutrients to bronchi and lungs
Bronchial aa
106
what does the bronchial aa brnach from
Thoracic aorta or associated branch
107
how is lymph drainsed from the lungs
TRacheobronchial node to r/l bronchomediastinal trunks
108
regions of the mediastinum
```
superior (above sternal angle)
inferior (below sternal angle)
-anterior
-middle
-posterior
```
109
where does mediastinum run from
Thoracic inlet to the diaphram
| from sternum to bondies of thoracic vertebrae (down to T12)
110
what does the middle mediastinum contain
Pericardium and heart
Phrenic nn applied to pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic vessel
Roots of great vessels to and from heart
111
what is the pericardium
Tough fibrous sac lined with serous membrane
112
what is the fibroud portion of the pericardium
Tough connective tissue outer layer
113
Where does the fibrous portion of the pericardium attach inferiorly
Diaphram
114
layers of the serous portion of he pericardium
Parietal
| Visceral layers
115
What does the Pericardium enclose
```
Heart
SCV
IVC
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
4 pulmonary v
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