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anatomy last exam > cerebral cotex > Flashcards

cerebral cotex Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the cerebral cortex phyiscally

A

sheets of neurons(gray matter), in a 2ft squared area,2 -5 mm thick

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2
Q

weight of cerebral cortex

A

half of brains weight

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3
Q

neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

25-50 billion

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4
Q

axons in the cerbreal cortex

A

100,000 km

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5
Q

synapses in the cerebral cortex

A

10^14

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6
Q

role of the cerebral cortex

A

language, abstract thinking, adaptation to environment, planning, art…

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7
Q

what makes up the cerebral cortex

A

neocortex ( the evolved new part of cortex) 95% of total cortex

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8
Q

layers of the cerebtral cortex

A

6 layers

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9
Q

layers of paleocortex

A

3 layers

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10
Q

layers of archicortex

A

3 layers

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11
Q

role of paleocortex

A

olfaction

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12
Q

the paleocortex lies where

A

over the uncus

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13
Q

what makes up the archicortex

A

most of the hippocampus

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14
Q

where do layers of the neocortex sit

A

layer run is right under the pia mater and layer 6 is right above the white mater

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15
Q

what makes up most of the cells of the neocortex

A

pyramidal cells

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16
Q

morphology of the pyramidal cells of the neocortex

A

pyramidal cell body, with apical dendrites that goes straight up to the cortex talking to neurons along the way
basal dendrites that basically go out laterally to talk to nerons in the same layer
axon goes out to talk to other parts of brain and in the cortex e

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17
Q

functional layers of the neocortex are arranged how

A

vertically

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18
Q

nonpyramidal cells of the brain

A

Basket cells, Candle Cells, and Bipolar cells and more

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19
Q

synapses of pyramidal cells of the cortical neuron

A

excitatory (glutmate) synapses

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20
Q

The preferential siteof excitatory synapses

A

Dendritic spines

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21
Q

why dod dendritic spines apear

A

selectively modified asa result of learning

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22
Q

what do changes in dendritic spine configurations lead to

A

change in electrical properties and in turn synapse effeciency

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23
Q

poor dendritic spine formation leads to

A

intellectual disability: autism, fragile X syndrome

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24
Q

neruotransmitter of non-pyramidal neruons

A

non-excitatory (inhibitory)- GABA

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25
Q

axons of non-pyramidal cells

A

short and remain in the cortex

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26
Q

roll of non-pyramidal cells in the cortex

A

principle interneurons of the cortex

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27
Q

nonpyramidal cells with spiny denrites, generally excitatory, and glutamineric synapses with pyramidal cell

A

Spiny stellate cells

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28
Q

were do spiny stellate cells recieve their synapses

A

afferednt inputs from thalamus and other cortical areas

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29
Q

nonpyramidal cells with non-spiny dendrites, receives recurrent collateral branches from pyramidal cells, inhibiotry(GABAergic synapses with pyramidal cells)

A

Smooth stellate cells

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30
Q

activity of Smooth stellate cells

A

silence weakly active cell columns in the cortex (similar to focusing action)

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31
Q

nonpyramidal cells loacted maining in the outer layers, containing peptide co-release with GABA

A

bipolar cells

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32
Q

the precentral gyrus is what

A

the somatic sensory cortex

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33
Q

the postcentral gyrus is wat

A

the primary motor cortex

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34
Q

what is found in layer 1 (molecular) layer of the cortex

A

ends of pyramidal cell apical dendrites

distal ends of some thalamocortical(intralaminar nuclei) axons

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35
Q

what is found in layer 2 of cortex (outer granular)

A

small pyramidal and stellate cells

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36
Q

what is found in lay 3 of cortex (outer pyramidal)

A

medium sized pyramidal and stellate cells

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37
Q

what is found in layer 4 (inner granular) cortex

A

stellate cells receiving thalamocorotical axons (relay nuclei)

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38
Q

what is found in layer 5 (inner pyramidal) cortex

A

large pyramidal cells to striatus and spinal cord

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39
Q

what is found in layer 6 (fusiform) cortex

A

modified pyramidal cells porjecting to the thalamus

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40
Q

mylin bands of the cortex

A

outer band of baillarger

Inner band of Baillarger

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41
Q

5 sources of afferents to the cortex

A 
Association fibers(long and short):
Commissural Fibers:
Thalamocortical Fibers:
Non-Specific thalamocortical fibers
Cholinergic & aminergic
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42
Q

association fibers fiber in the cortex travel from

A

from small and mdeium sized pyramidal cells in other parts of ipsilateral cortex

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43
Q

commissural fibers in the cortex travel from

A

medium sized pyramidal cells via corpus callosum or anterior commissure from corresponding contralateral cortex

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44
Q

thalmocortical fibers in the cortex travel from

A

from relay or association nuclei

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45
Q

non-specific thalamocortical in the cortex fibers travel from

A

from intralaminar nuclei

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46
Q

cholinergic and aminergic fibers in the cortex travel from

A

basal forebrain, hypothalamus(tuberoinfuncibulum), brainstem (midbrain raphe, LC)

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47
Q

what are all efferents

A

pyramidal cell axons

excititory

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48
Q

short association efferents from the cortex connext

A

sensory cortex to the motor cortex

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49
Q

long association efferents connect

A

prefrontal cortex to the motor cortex

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50
Q

efferent commisural fibers travel

A

from contralateral cerebrum via corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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51
Q

what makes up the largest input to the basal ganglia

A

fibers from primary sensory and motor cortex

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52
Q

the thalamus receives input from what

A

all of the cortex

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53
Q

efferents from the cortex

A

association (long and short)
commissural fibers
fibers from primary asensorya nd motor cortex
thalamus
corticopontine, corticospinal,corticobulbar

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54
Q

where in the cerebral cortex do afferents from the cerebral cortex go

A

Layers 2 and 3

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55
Q

where do afferents from the thalamic relay nuclei go in the cerebral cortex

A

middle layers sensory to IV

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56
Q

where do thalamic intralaminar nuclei afferents go in the cerebral cortex

A

Layer VI

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57
Q

what layer of cortex contains corticothalamic fibers

A

VI

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58
Q

what layer of cortex is the major source of corticostriate fibers and also to BS and SC

A

V

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59
Q

what layer of cortex is the major source of cortico-cortical fibers

A

III

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60
Q

what interconnects the cerebral hemisphers

A

Commissures

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61
Q

the predominant interconnextion between hemisphers

A

Corpus callosum

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62
Q

what interconnexts temporal lobes(inferiorly) and the anterior olfactory neculei

A

anterior commissure

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63
Q

the largest bundle o fibers in the brain that interconnects the hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

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64
Q

what parts of the brain do NOT receive commissural fibers

A

hand area of somatosensory and motor cortex

parts of primary visual cortex

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65
Q

disconnection syndromes are caused by

A

white matter damage

also stokes

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66
Q

disconnection syndromes cause

A

alexia without agraphia (can write but unable to read, cannot read words even they wrote, also homonymous hemianopia)

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67
Q

how does alexia without agraphia occure

A

languages area on left isolated from all visual input
leeft visual cortex damaged by stroke
right visual cortex intact but corpus callosum damaged
language areas intact, so speech is unaffected

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68
Q

what do association bundles connect

A

interconnects areas of 1 hemisphere

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69
Q

shape of short association bundles

A

U-fibers

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70
Q

long association bundles

A

travel to different lobes

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71
Q

Association bundles

A 
Superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus
Superior occipitofrontal Fasciculus
Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
Cingulum
Uncinate Fasciculus
72
Q

ranular vs granular cortex

A

Agranuluar: primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus
granular: somatosensory cortex/postcentral gyrus

73
Q

how many pyramidal cells do areas that send off long axons have

A

more pyramidal cells

74
Q

primary sensory areas of the neocortex project to____ so they lack____ and have fewer____

A

nearby cortex
long axons
pyramidal cells

75
Q

distribution of granuluar and agranular cortex

A

irregularly distributued

76
Q

the areas of the neocortex is characterized how

A

brodmann did it with 44 areas, with imprecise boundaries

77
Q

relation of granular strucutre and function

A

not tightly correlated with function

78
Q

relation of brodmann area size between individuals

A

cortical volume constant

large variation in brodmann area sizes among individuals

79
Q

types of cortical regions

A

primary motor areas
Primary sensory areas
Association areas
Limbic areas

80
Q

cortical region that gives rise to much of the corticospinal tract

A

Primary motor area

81
Q

cortical region that receives info from thalamic sensory relay nuceli

A

Primary sensory area

82
Q

how is the sensory area of the brain organized

A 
topographical organization (body surface, rnage of frequencies, visual world are mapped on cortical surface)
highly sensitive areas(fingers, fovea) have large cortical representations
83
Q

roll of parietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex(postcentral gyrus (3,1,2)

A

initial processing of tactile and prorprioceptive info)

84
Q

roll of parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobule are 1 hemisphere (left)

A

language comprehension)

85
Q

roll of parital cortex minus the inferior parietal lobule of 1 hemisphere(left) and the primary somatosensory cortex

A

complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention

86
Q

location of the primary visual cortex

A

in the banks of calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

87
Q

roll of the visual association cortex

A

higher order visual processing

88
Q

location of the visual assocation cortex

A

occipital lobe

89
Q

bilateral injury to the inferior occipital lobe leads to

A

color blindness

90
Q

bilateral injury to the occipital temporal junction leads to

A

motion blindness

91
Q

the thin stripe of myelin in the primary visual cortex, aka striate cortex

A

line of gennari

92
Q

what does the striate cortex parallel and where does it extend

A

calcarine sulcus and extends a bit onto posterior surface

93
Q

which fibers from the retina cross to the contralateral optic tract

A

fibers from the nasal half of retina

94
Q

the optic tract sees what visual field

A

contralateral

95
Q

how is depth perception gained

A

comparing areas of both retinas in the chiasm

96
Q

layers of the Lateral genicular nucleus

A

6 layers of precise reintotopic arragment

97
Q

patterning of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

same in each layer so any given point in the visual field is represented as a column in all 6 layers

98
Q

layering of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

1,4,6 contraleral eye

2,3,5 ipsilateral eye

99
Q

what are the parvocellular layers of the LGN

A

3-6 for color and form

100
Q

what are the MAgnocellular layers of the LGN

A

1-2 for movement and contrast

101
Q

what does the LGN project to

A

primary visual cortex

102
Q

fibers representing inferior visual fields project to

A

most superior in radiations

103
Q

fibers representing superior visual fields project to

A

most superior in radiation

104
Q

how did Dr. Tatsuji Inouye figure out the travel of fibers to the primary visual cortex

A

used bullet travel with the part of occipital lobe damaged and the visual field that was lost

105
Q

where do optic tadiations end

A

reinotopically in the occipital cortex, above and below the calcarine sulucs
(inferior visual fields above )
(superior visual fields below)

106
Q

location of macula and peripherals fields in the occipital lobe

A

macula: most posterior
Peripheral: most anterior

107
Q

roll of the primary visual cortex

A

breaks visual info into component parts: orientation, color, depth, motion, brightness…
distributes infro to specialized parts of extrastriate cortex

108
Q

the primary visual cortex processing is an example of

A

simultaneous, paralel processing

109
Q

how are neurons arranged

A

functionally in columns that extend radially through all 6 horizontal layers

110
Q

what are the neurons of each column of the cortex sensitive to

A

one modality (modality-specific) such as 1 particular joint, one patch of skin, orientation of an object in visual field…

111
Q

how are modular collections of neurons aranged in the pimary visual cortex

A

array of repeated modular collections of neurons in columns

112
Q

what do columns in one cortical module analyze

A

all aspects of visual info arriving from discrete areas of the visual field

113
Q

modules in the foveal parts analyze ____ and that means ____

A

small areas of the visual fields

fovea has many more modules and therefore better resolution

114
Q

where does visual processing begin

A

in the LGN

115
Q

the ventral stream of visual info contains

A

parvocellular layers (color, form)- ventral striate cortex

116
Q

the dorsal stream of visual information contains

A

magnoceullar layers (location, movment)- dorsal striate cortex

117
Q

damage to extrastriate cortex can lead to

A

strange visual deficits: selective deficit in distinguishing colors, motion, and faces

118
Q

what is found in the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex
auditory association cortex
Wernicke’s area

119
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

transverse temporal gyri, superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus

120
Q

where is language comprehension done

A

Wernicke’s area - posterior aspect of 1 hemisphere (left)

121
Q

where is higher order visual processing done

A

temporal lobe

122
Q

what is found in the frontal lobe

A

Broca’s area

prefrontal cortx

123
Q

location of broca’s area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of 1 hemisphere (left)

124
Q

roll of broca’s area

A

production of spoken and written language

125
Q

location of the prefrontal cortex

A

all of frontal gyrus asside from the inferior

126
Q

roll of the prefrontal cortex

A

executive function (personality, foresight, insight)

127
Q

roll of association areas

A

mediate higher mental functions (language, art, music, etc)

128
Q

how much is known about association areas

A

little, most of knowledge stems from case reports of patients with naturally occuring lessions
functional imaging scans though help advance understanding area

129
Q

where is the unimodal asssociation cortex

A

adjacent to the primary area

130
Q

roll of the unimodal association cortex

A

devoted to elaborating on business of primary

131
Q

roll of multimodal association cortex

A

high level of intellectual functions

132
Q

where is the multimodal association cortex

A

inferior parietal lobule

much of frontal and temporal lobes

133
Q

what is dominant hemisphere

A

the hemisphere that produces and comrehends language (usually the left)

134
Q

relation of hemisphere dominance with hand preference

A

no relation

135
Q

lateral sulcus on the right and left hemisphere

A

Right lateral sulcus goes up higher and left lateral sulcus extends more posteiorly

136
Q

where are cortical language areas found

A

near lateral sulcus

137
Q

why does the left lateral sulcus extend further posteriorly than the right

A

planum temporale is larger on the left

138
Q

the part of the superior temporal gyrus psoterior to the primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri)

A

planum temporale

139
Q

what would happen if you stimulate motor cortex near mouth in the dominant lateral sulcus

A

produce involuntary grants, vocalizations

140
Q

what happens if you stimulate areas other than motor cortex near the mouth on the dominant hemisphere

A

ceases to speak, but still moves mouth

make linguistic errors, fials to find appropriate words

141
Q

perisylvian language areas

A

broca’s area in the inferior frontal gyrus (opercular and triangular parts)
Wernicke’s area in the posterior part of superior temporal gyrus, continuing into planum temporale and inferior parietal lobule

142
Q

the inability to use language, lose the use of or access to symbols humans use as concepts (words)

A

Aphasia

143
Q

broca’s and wernicke’s areas provide framework for 2 broad types of aphasia classifed depending on how easily words are produced

A

nonfluent

Fluent

144
Q

symptoms of nonfluent aphasia

A

make few written or spoken words, or get by with just phrases
very difficult to produce words
all detail and meaning in sentence is lost
can comprehend language

145
Q

cause of nonfluent aphasia

A

damage in broca’s area

146
Q

symptoms of fluent aphasia

A 
can write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences are incorrect
little/no linguistic content
substitute one letter/word for another
make up new words
difficulty in language comprehension
147
Q

cause of fluent aphasia

A

damage of wernicke’s area

148
Q

making up new words

A

neologisms

149
Q

subsitute one letter or word for another

A

paraphasia

150
Q

damage to broca’s area leads to

A

deprive motor areas of ability to generate language (muscle function normally for other activities though)
comprehension of language unaffected

151
Q

damage to wernicke’s area leads to

A

broca’s area is unchecked

words are generated with no meaning

152
Q

interconnects broca’s and wernicke’s area

A

arcuate fasciculus

153
Q

language with the right hemisphere

A

the emotional and linguist content is given rhythm (musical elements)

154
Q

the musical aspects of speech

A

prosody

155
Q

what produces prosody

A

right inferior frontal gyrus

156
Q

motor aprosody leads to

A

cant convey authority, anger… in speach

157
Q

where is the comprehension of prosody done

A

right posterior temporoparietal region

158
Q

sensory aprosody leads to

A

difficulty comprehending the emotional content of speech from others

159
Q

where are the association areas

A

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

160
Q

what are the unimodal areas of the parietal cortex

A

visual assocaition cortex
auditory association areas
somatosensory areas

161
Q

damage to the unimodal areas of the parietal cortex areas can lead to

A

sensory specific agnosias (inability to recognize faces perceive movement)

162
Q

the inability to recognize faces, and preceive movement

A

Visual agnosias

163
Q

location of the multimodal areas of the parietal cortex

A

Centered on intraparietal sulcus

164
Q

roll of the multimodal areas of the parietal cortex

A

monitor relationships of body with outside world

165
Q

damage to the right parietal lobe leads to

A

trouble with left half of body
deny something is wrong with left limb and can be convinced the left limb is someone else’s
ignore left half of body

166
Q

ingorance of the left half of the body

A

contralateral neglect

167
Q

left parietal lobe damage leads to

A

apraxius (lack of action)

168
Q

symptoms of apraxias

A

unable to perform some actions, many diff types

169
Q

how to test of apraxias

A

ask patient to imitate examiner who toucher finger to face and they can’t do it, but they can scratch an itch on their face

170
Q

location of the prefrontal cortex

A

anterior to primary motor and supplemental motor cortices

171
Q

the prefrontal cortex controls

A

activities of the other cortical areas, underlying executive functions

172
Q

the prefrontal cortex is interconnected with what

A

dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

173
Q

the 2 broad types of prefrontal cortex

A

dorsolateral (over lateral convexity)

Ventromedial (extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas)

174
Q

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex interconnected with

A

parietal association areas

175
Q

roll of the dorsaolateral prefrontal cortex

A

working memory (keep in mind), problems planning, solving problems, maintaining attention

176
Q

damge to ventromedial prefrontal cortex leads to

A

makes people impulsive, can’t suppress inappropriate responses/emotions

anatomy last exam (14 decks)

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