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anatomy last exam > Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

what covers the Cerebellum

A

the tentorum cerebelli

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2
Q

where is the cerebellum in the skull

A

posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

Function of the Cerebellum

A

Regulate Equilibrium
Control muscle tone and posture
Provide motor coordination for voluntary movements both in the near future future and during execution

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4
Q

Roll of the Cerebellum in providing motor coordination for voluntary movements in the near future

A

Plans motor actions in space and time

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5
Q

Roll of the Cerebellum in providing motor coordination for voluntary movements during execution

A

monitors ongoing motor activity

Adjusts the output of the motor cortex and several motor nuclei

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6
Q

Primary Function of the Cerebellum

A

Motor adaption

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7
Q

what does the cerebellum oversee

A

modification of the motor programs in response to envirnoment(walking up different inclines, or a homefield advantage)

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8
Q

what is motor sequence learning a function of

A

the basal ganglia

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9
Q

the types of basal ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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10
Q

how is the cerebellum devided physically

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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11
Q

the fractured nature of body part representation in the cortex

A

Fractionated somatotopy

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12
Q

The Fractionated somatotropic organization of the Cerebellum

A

medial: axial muscles
Lateral: distal limbs muscles

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13
Q

gyri looking strucutures of the Cerebellum

A

Folia

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14
Q

the middle of the cerebellum

A

the Vermis (Vestibulocerebellum)

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15
Q

area lateral to the Vermis

A

Paravermal area (spinocerebellum)

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16
Q

The most lateral area of the Cerebellum

A

Pontocerebellum

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17
Q

the 3 peduncles of the Cerebellum

A

Middle(largest)
superior
inferior

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18
Q

sulci of the cerebellum

A

Fissures

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19
Q

what separates flocculonodular lobe from the body of the cerebellum

A

Posterolateral fissure

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20
Q

what devides body of cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes

A

PRimary fissure

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21
Q

anterior lobe gets info from

A

the spinal cord

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22
Q

posterior lobe of cerebellum gets info from:

A

the pons and some from spinal cord

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23
Q

deep Cerebellar nuclei

A

Dentate
Interposed Nucleus
Fastigal

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24
Q

what Cerebellar Deep Nuclei contributes most fibers in SCP

A

Dentate

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25
Q

the 2 parts of the interposed nucleus

A

Emboliform Nuclus

Globose Nucleus

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26
Q

what do Cerebellar Peduncles connevt

A

Cerebellum and Brainstem

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27
Q

Parts of the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Restiform body

Juxtarestiform body

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28
Q

what does the restiform body get inputs from

A

from the spinal cord and brain stem

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29
Q

what does the restiform body monitor

A

monitors muscle and limb movement

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30
Q

what does the Juxtarestiform body connect

A

Interconnects Vestibular Nuclei and Cerebellum

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31
Q

location of the middle Cerebellar peduncle

A

lateral to pons

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32
Q

were does the middle cerebellar peduncle get afferents

A

from contralateral basis pontis

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33
Q

roll of the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

relays motor signals from cerebral cortex

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34
Q

what does the superior cerebellar peduncle do?

A

efferents to red nucleus and thalamus (VL)

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35
Q

the 2 types of fibers that enter into the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibers

Climbing fibers

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36
Q

mossy fibers take info from

A

spinal cord and brainstem

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37
Q

climbing fibers take information from

A

inferior olivary nucleus (olive) in rostral medulla

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38
Q

how do mossy fibers reach the cerebellar cortex

A

via inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

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39
Q

how do climbing fibers reach the cerebellar cortex

A

via inferior cerebellar peduncles

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40
Q

where do mossy fibers synapse in the cerebellar cortex

A

synapse in granule layer then go to the Purkinje cell layer (piriform layer) to synapse in molecular layer

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41
Q

where do Climbing fibers synapse in the cerebellar cortex

A

synapse in the Purkinje cell layer (piriform layer) to synapse in molecular layer

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42
Q

from the Purkinje cell layer, where doesinformation travel

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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43
Q

where does information that leaves the deep cerebellar nuclei go

A

Red nucleus in midbrain and thalamus

Vestibular nuclei

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44
Q

how does Deep Cerebellar nuclei go to the Red Nuclues and Thalams

A

via superior cerebellar peduncles

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45
Q

how does Deep Cerebellar nuclei go to Vestibular Nuclei

A

Via inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

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46
Q

uniforminity of the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Uniform throughout

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47
Q

layers of the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Molecular Layer
Purkinje Cell Layer
GRanule Layer

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48
Q

location of the Molecular layer of the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Top layer

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49
Q

what is contained in the Molecular layer of the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Purkinje cell Dendrites

Granule cell axons

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50
Q

location of the Purkinje cell layer of the Cerebellar cortexe

A

thin layer between molecular and GRanule layer

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51
Q

what is in the Purkinje cell layer

A

only axons to leave cortex

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52
Q

where is the Granule layer of the Cerebellar cortex

A

in the bottom of the cerebellar cortex

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53
Q

what type of neurons are Cortical Afferents

A

Excitatory (glutaminergic)

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54
Q

what type of neurons are Cortical efferents

A

inhibitory (GABAnergic)

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55
Q

roll of inhibition in Cortical Connection

A

large amounts of inhibition in cortical processing

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56
Q

the synapse between a mossy fiber and a Granule cell

A

excitatory

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57
Q

what does the Granule cells do when they pass through the molecular layer

A

splits into parallel fibers

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58
Q

what do parallel fibers synapse on

A

synapse on purkinje cells and golgi cells and Stellate and Basket cells (internerons)

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59
Q

purkinje cells that have synapsed with parallel fibers and Climbing fibers project an axon where

A

to the deep nuclei of cerebellum

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60
Q

type of neuron is a purkinje cell

A

inhibitory cells

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61
Q

what do Climbing fibers do with the Purkinje cell

A

climb up the dendrite of the purkinje cell and synapse everytime they cross

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62
Q

Mossy and climbing fibers send collaterals to what before axon enters the cortex

A

deep nuclei

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63
Q

Purkinje cell axons end where

A

in deep nuclei

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64
Q

what are the 2 neuronal populations of Deep nuclei

A

Mossy fibers into cerebellar cortex

Projection neurons whose axons leave cerebellum

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65
Q

where does the deep nuclei project

A

into the cerebellum and out to different regions of the CNS

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66
Q

Cerebellar afferent projections

A

Vermis: Fastigal
Medial hemisphere: Interposed
Lateral hemisphere: Dentate

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67
Q

Cerebellar Afferents

A

Spinocerebellar tracts
Trigeminal Nerve
Special sense (Vision, hearing, vestibular)
Pontocerebellar
Olivocerebellar
Reticulocerebellar (parameidan and lateral reticular nuclei in the medulla)
Locus ceruleus and Raphe Nuclei

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68
Q

where do spinocerebellar tracts enter the cerebellum

A

Anterior: superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Posterior: inferiore cerebellar peduncle
Cuneocerebellar: inferior cerebellar peduncle

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69
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve enter the cerebellum

A

uses all 3 peduncles

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70
Q

where does the pontocebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

middle cerebllar peduncle

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71
Q

where does the olivocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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72
Q

where do reticulocerebellar tracts enter the cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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73
Q

what projections from locus ceruleus and RAphe nuclei enter the cerebellum

A

serotonergic and noradrenergic projections

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74
Q

what does the locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei facilitate transmission in

A

mossy and climbing fibers

75
Q

where the tectocerebllar tract comes from to enter cerebellum

A

ipsilateral colliculi

76
Q

where the vestibulocerebellar comes from to enter cerebellum

A

ipsilateral vestibular nuclei

77
Q

where does the sensorimotor cortex project

A

via corticospinal collaterals

78
Q

where do sensorimotor cortex project onto

A

ipsilateral olivery nuclei

79
Q

where do olivocerebellar fibers project

A

to contraleral cerebellar cortex thru the ICP

80
Q

the inferior olivary nuclei goes to what in the cerebelum

A

posterior lobe

81
Q

where does the accessory olivary nuclei go to in the cerebellum

A

anterior lobe

82
Q

roll of olive with the cerebellum

A

aid in motor learning of new skills

83
Q

the major output of the cerebellum

A

Cerebellar Peduncle

84
Q

what is the cerebellum involved in

A

Equilibrium
Muscle tone and posture
Coordinating voluntary movement

85
Q

what does the cerebellar pattern of input underlie

A

the zonal connection to the cortex

86
Q

what is each cerebellar zone associated with

A

deep cerebellar nucleus

87
Q

Location of the Vermis

A

In the midline of the cerebellum

88
Q

what hemisphere is adjacent to the vermis

A

Medial hemisphere

89
Q

what hemisphere is adjacent to the medial hemispher

A

Lateral hemisphere

90
Q

vermis is what functionally

A

Vestibulocerebellum

91
Q

the paravermal area is what functionally

A

Spinocerebellum

92
Q

the lateral hemisphere is what functionally

A

Pontocerebellu

93
Q

Input to the Vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular labyrinth

Vestinular nuclei

94
Q

Where is the Vestibulocerebellum location

A

Flocculonodular lobe as part of the vermis

95
Q

nuclear output of the Vestibulocerebellum

A

Fastigial nucleus

Bilateral VEstibular nuclei

96
Q

how does the Fastigial nucleus leave the Vestibulocerebellum

A

via ICP

97
Q

what are the Fastigial nucleus

A

bilateral vestibular nuclei

98
Q

Function of the Vestibulocerebellum

A

control of eye movements in response to head movements via MLF
Balance

99
Q

what tract does balance travel

A

Vestibulospinal tract

100
Q

regulation of the activity(balance) of the VEstibulocerebellum

A

FIbers from Vestibular nuclei+CN8 project into cortex of cerebellum at the vestibulocerebellum
From the cortex these fibers project deep to Fastigial Nuclei
from the fastigial nucleus fibers leave the cerebellum via ICP back out to both Vestibular nuclei

101
Q

Inputs to the Spinocerebellum

A 
Spintal cord (spinocerebellar tracts)
Brainstem (trigeminal afferents)
102
Q

Location of the Spinocerebellum

A

Paravermal area

part of the Vermis

103
Q

Output of the Spinocerebellum

A

1.the interposed nuclei project to the contraleral(Decussate in the midbrain) VA/VL of thalamus via SCP
this then talks to the limb area of the primary motor cortex
2. also projections to the contraleral red nucleus (magnocellular portion) via SCP

104
Q

Function of the Spinocerebellum

A

Motor learning
Posture and gait
Coordination of trunk and limb movements

105
Q

Input to the Neocerebellum

A

Motor cortex to basilar pons via contralateral MCP

106
Q

location of the neocerebellum

A

Lateral cerebellar meisphers

107
Q

Function of the Neocerebellum

A

Planning the timing of movements especially the upper extremity
coordination of speech

108
Q

output of the neocerebellum

A

projects deep to the Dentate nucleus

dentate nucleus projects to contralateral VA/VL of thalamus via SCP and contralateral REd nucleus via SCP

109
Q

Right Cerebellum talks towhat

A

left Cerebral cortex to control right side of body

110
Q

Neocerebellar loop

A
  1. primary motor, premotor, and supllimary motor cortex project to basilar pons
  2. Basilar pons project to contralateral lateral cerebellar cortex
  3. Latearl Cerebellar cortex projects to Dentate nucleus
  4. Dentate nucleus projects to contralateral Thalamus VA/VL by decussating in the superior cerebellar peduncle.
  5. Thalamus VA/VL projects to primary motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortex
111
Q

CTCC Loop with spinal cord

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex sends projects to Basilar pons and contralateral spinal cord(Corticospinal tract)
  2. Basilar points sends fibers to Cerebellar cortex
  3. 1 proprioception sends projections to spinal cord
  4. 2 Spinal cord sends fibers to cerebellar cortex via the spinocerebellar tract (mossy fibers)
  5. Cerebellar cortex sends fibers to cerebellar nucleus
  6. Cerebellar nucleus sends fibers to contralateral thalamus
  7. thalamus sends fibers to cerebral cortex
112
Q

how does the cerebrum control muscles

A

1 cerebral hemisphere contralerally via the corticospinal tract

113
Q

how does the cerebellum influence muscle

A

ipsilaterally because one half of cerebellum projects to contralateral thalamus (2 contralaterals equal 1 ipsilateral)

114
Q

other functions of the cerebellum

A

Cognition

115
Q

the most lateral aspect of each cerebellar hemisphere is connected to what

A

indirectly connected with lateral prefrontal cortex in cerebrum

116
Q

when is lateral cerebellar activity highest

A

speech

117
Q

description of lateral cerebelllar activity during speech

A

most prominent cerebellar activity is unilateral and consistent with dominant drontal cortex (where speech is represented)

118
Q

when is cerebellar activity high during speech

A

during functional naming (Drive, fly) rather than object naming (Car, airplane)

119
Q

does the cerebellum do only motor control of speech

A

no does more

120
Q

Cognitive defect of a cerebellar stroke

A

decreased reasoning, inattention, grammatical errors, patchy memory loss

121
Q

Affective defects of a cerebllar stroke

A

dulling of emotional responses, aberrant emotional behaviors

122
Q

structures that yield distinctive kinds of movement disorders when damaged

A

Basal Ganglia

123
Q

what makes up the Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia nigra

124
Q

the striatum consists of what

A

caudate nucleus
nucleus accumbens
putamen

125
Q

the globus pallidus consists of what

A 
external segment (GPe)
Internal Segment (GPi)
126
Q

the substantia nigra consists of what

A 
compact part (SNc)
reticular part (SNr)
127
Q

the LEnticular nucleus consists of what

A

putamen from the striatum

and all the globus pallidus

128
Q

Parts of the Caudate

A

head
body
tail

129
Q

the Putamen coincides with what

A

insula

130
Q

the Globus pallidus has outputs to where

A

extensive output to thalamus

131
Q

Shape of Caudate

A

C shaped

Part of wall of lateral venticle

132
Q

Description of cinoact substantia Nigra

A

Densely packed

Pigmented neurons

133
Q

where does the COmpact Substantia Nigra project

A

diffuse modulatory dopaminergic projects to striatum

134
Q

where is Reticular Substanita Niggra compared to compact

A

closer to cerebral peduncle

135
Q

description of Reticular Substantia Nigra

A

non-pigmented neurons

136
Q

what kind of nucleus is the Reticular substantia Nigra

A

basal ganglia output nucleus

137
Q

what do Basal Ganglia Ciruits modulate

A

cortical output

138
Q

what determines Basal Ganglia Circuit loop functions

A

where the start and end is (motor cognition, limbic, emo, motivation…)

139
Q

Motor loop is for

A

Learned movement

140
Q

cognitive loop is for

A

motor intentions

141
Q

Limbic loop is for

A

emotional aspects of movemetn

142
Q

Oculomotor loop is for

A

Voluntary saccades

143
Q

Can basal Ganglia initiate movement

A

no, but active during all movements

144
Q

Role of basal ganglia motor loop

A

Influence descending motor pathways by motdulating corical activity in motor ares

145
Q

what specifical does the basal ganglia motor cloop aid in controlling

A

Scales strength of muscle contractins

146
Q

what does the Basal Ganglia motor loop work with to organize requisite sequences of excitation of motor cortex needed for movement

A

With SMA

147
Q

the 2 pathways of BAsal Ganglia motor loop

A

direct path

Indirect pathway

148
Q

neureons involved in the direct basal ganglia motor loop

A

5 sets of neurons

149
Q

neurons involved in the indirect basal gnaglia motor loop

A

7 sets of neurons

150
Q

Basal Ganglia Motor loop

A

Somatosensory and motor cortex-> Striatum (mostly putamen)-> GPi-> VA/VL in Thalamus-> Somatosensory and motor cortex

151
Q

roll of Basal Ganglia Cognitive loop

A

Motor learning, planning movements ahead, especially complex movments

152
Q

when does the Cognitive loop swich to the motor loop

A

when the new motor task is practiced to the point it can be “automatically executed, the motor loop (using putamen) becomes active instead

153
Q

the Basal Ganglia Cognitive loop

A

Prefrontal cortex-> Caudate-> Globus Pallidus-> VA-> prefrotnal cortex

154
Q

What is key in fine tuning pathway output

A

The presence of neurons with inhibitory and excitatory neurotrasmittersi in the same neural pathway

155
Q

how excitatory response can lead to inhibition

A

Excitatory neuron activates and inhibitory neuron.

This projects onto a 3rd neruon and conseuently silences a 3rd neuron.

156
Q

how can an excitatory neuron, synapsing on a inhibitory neron, still lead to activation

A

excitatory neron synapses on an inhibtiory neuron
this inhibitory neron synapses on another inhibitory neron, inhibiting it from realeasing inhibitory neruotrasmitters.
Therefore the 4th nueron is not inhibited and can release stimuli

157
Q

Basic ciruit of basal ganglia

A

Cerebral cortex sends excitiatory to striatum(Caudate, Puamen, Ventral striatum)
striatum sends inhibitory projects to GPi
GPi sends inhibitory to Thalamus via LEnticular Fasciculus and Ansa LEnticularis joining to form thalamic Fasciculus
Thalamus sends excitatory projects to Cerebral cortex via internal capsule and sends out motor output

158
Q

how is the putamen and globus pallidus organized

A

somatotopically organized

159
Q

organization of the putamen and globus pallidus allows for creation of what

A

direcct and indirect pathways

160
Q

roll of the direct pathway

A

selective facilitation of neurons mediating a desired movement

161
Q

roll of the indirect pathway

A

simultaneously disfacilitating other neurons that would have caused unwanted movemnt

162
Q

how does the subthalamic nucleus suppress unwanted movements

A

somatotopic projections to globus pallidus interna

163
Q

Basal ganglia direct pathway

A

Cerebral cortex sends excitatory to Striatum (Caudate, Putamen, and Ventral striatum)
Striatum inhibits the action of GPi
GPi sends inhibitory projections to thalamus via the LEnticular Fasciculus and Ansa Lenticularis that form the Thalamic Fasciculus
Thalamus sends fibers to the Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Cortex sends direct fibers to facilitate desired movements

164
Q

Basal Ganglia, Indirect Pathway

A

Cerebral cortex sends excitatory fibers to Striatum
Striatum sends inhibitory fibers to GPe
GPe sends inhibitory fibers to subthalamus (this also gest excitatory fibers from cerbral cortex)
Subthalamus sends excitatory fibers to Gpi
GPi sends inhibitory fibers to thalamus Via Lenticular Fasciculus and Ansa Lenticullaris that eventually form the Thalmic Fasciculus.
The Thalamus sends excitatory fibers to cerebral crotex
the cerebral cortex sends excitatory fibers to neurons in the limbs

165
Q

roll/pathway of substantia Nigra in the Basal Ganglia

A

SNc sends dopamine projects to stritaum and is excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptors on the striatum.
SNr modulates info from the subthalamus and sends inhibitory fibers to the thalamus and striatum
this ultimately changes the indirect and direct basal ganglia pathways

166
Q

Kyperkinetic Movement disorders associated with the basal ganglia

A

involuntary movements

chorea, athetosis, ballismus

167
Q

Kypokinetic movement disorders associated with the basal ganglia

A

difficult initiating movment

168
Q

perturbed muscle tone is a result of

A

fucked up basal ganglia

169
Q

symptomes of perturbed muscle tone

A

general increase in flexor and extensor tone, rigidity of Parkinson’s disease
If tone increase in some muscle body can be bend/twisted into abnormal, fixed posture; dystonia
tone can be decreased as well

170
Q

What does huntington’s disease result from

A

Degeneration of striatum (Caudate> Putamen)

171
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A

chorea, rigidity, cognitive disturbences

172
Q

genetics of huntington’s disease

A

autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat

173
Q

age of onset of Huntinton’s disease

A

50, but is variable

174
Q

damages to the subthalamus in the indirect pathway leads to

A

loss of subthalamic fibers, disinhibits thalamus, resulting in failure to suppress cortical outputs and involuntary movement (hemiballismus)

175
Q

What does hemiballismus result from

A

due to a lesion in the subthalmus beacuse of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA stroke); branch of Posterior Cerebral Artery

176
Q

symptoms of hemiballismus

A

Dramatic movements of limbs (flailing, rotatory)

Affect one side of body, and affect arm and leg to different degrees

177
Q

why does Parkinson’s disease occure

A

lesion in the nigrostriatal fibers.

substantia nigra compact part neurony bodiess contain Lew

178
Q

when do people get parkinson’s disease

A

60

179
Q

Symptoms of PArkinson’s disease

A

2-3 cardinal features: bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity

180
Q

Treating PArkinson’s disease

A

VA/VL and GPi lesioned selectively
Deep Brain stimulation
Stem cells
L-dopa medication

181
Q

Deep Brain stimulation for parkinsons

A

Implant electrodes in subthalamus to provide long term stimulation and overcome abnormal activity in these structures

182
Q

how does L-dopa work to treat parkinsons

A

replace lost dopamine due to nigrostriatl fiber degreneration

183
Q

L-dopa treatment over time

A

Helpful, but response can fluctuate over time and can induce involuntary movement

anatomy last exam (14 decks)

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