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anatomy last exam > forebrain anatomy > Flashcards

forebrain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the forebrain

A

telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
Internal Capsule
Limbic system: hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala

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2
Q

parts of the deincephalon

A

Epithalamus (pineal gland, Habenula)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

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3
Q

where do most pathways in the brain relay

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

what all relays in the thalams

A

All sensory (other than olfactory) pathways
Limbic systems
Basal ganglia projections
Cerebellum projections

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5
Q

how to pathways that relay in the thalamus use the thalamus

A

use different parts (with some overlap) giving the thalamus distinct nuclei

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6
Q

what nuclei are found in the anterior division of the thalamus

A

anterior nucleus

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7
Q

what nuclei are found in the medial division of the thalamus

A

dorsomedial nucleus (medial dorsal)

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8
Q

what nuclei are found in the dorsal tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A

Lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, and pulvinar

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9
Q

what nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamas

A 
ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior lateral
medial
medial geniculate
lateral geniculate
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10
Q

what nuclei are found in the intralaminar area of the thalamus

A

centromedian, parafascicular etc

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11
Q

what nuclei are found in their own subdivisions of the thalamus

A

midline nuclei

reticular nucleus

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12
Q

what defines the subdivions of the thalamus

A

Internal Medullar Lamina

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13
Q

where does the anterior subdivision of the thalamus sit

A

sits in a split in the Internal Medullary Lamina

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14
Q

what subdivion of the thalamus is the largest

A

lateral subdivision

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15
Q

where is the reticular nucleus located along the thalamus

A

discontinuously along the lateral aspect

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16
Q

what are the themes of all thalamic nuclei asside from reticular nuclei

A

consist of projection neurons to provide output from thalamus as excititory and interneurons that are small and inhibitior
(proportions vary from nucleus- to-nucleus

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17
Q

specific thalamic inputs come from where and travel to where

A

specific subcortical site to convey info to a thalamic nuclei that in turn passes onto the cortex

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18
Q

regulatory inputs to the thalamus come from where

A

areas of the cortex to a thalamic nucleus which also contibutes info before passing it on to the cortex

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19
Q

the 3 categories of thalamic nuclei

A

relay nuclei
association nuclei
intralaminar and midline nuclei

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20
Q

what do Relay Nuclei receive

A

well defined specific input from a subcortical source

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21
Q

what do relay nuclei project to

A

sends information to a well-defined area of the cortex

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22
Q

what regulates the action of relay nuclei

A

activity is regulated by regulatory input both direct and indirect

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23
Q

input and output to anterior Relay nuclei

A

Mammillothalamic tract, hippocampus

Cingulate Gyrus

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24
Q

Input and output to Lateral dorsal Relay nuclei

A

Hippocampus

Cingulate Gyrus

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25
Q

input and output to VA/VL Relay Nuclei

A 
Basal ganglia (VA), cerebellum (VL) 
Motor Areas
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26
Q

Input and output to VPL relay nuclei

A

Medial Lemniscus, spinothalamic Tract (ALP

Somatosensory cortex

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27
Q

input and output to VPM relay nuclei

A

Trigeminal system, central tegmental tract

Somatosensory cortex, insula

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28
Q

input and output to MGN relay nuclei

A

Brachium of inferior colliculus

Auditory cortex

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29
Q

input and output to LGN relay nuclei

A

Optic tract

Visual Cortex

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30
Q

Association nuclei receive input from and project out to

A

specific input from and project out to association cortex( the prefrontal cortex)

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31
Q

the 2 huge areas of association fortex

A

Dorsal Medial Nuclei

Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior Nuclei

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32
Q

location of the Dorsal Medial nuclei

A

Prefrontal

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33
Q

roll of Dorsal Medial nuclei

A

Foresight, organization

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34
Q

location of the Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior Nuclei

A

Parietal-occipital-temporal

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35
Q

function of the Pulvinar- Lateral Posterior Nuclei

A

unknown: maybe in visual perception or attention

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36
Q

Intralaminar and midline nuclei receive inputs from and project where

A

receive a distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia and limbic strcutures)
Project to cortex, basal ganaglia, and limbic structures

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37
Q

Roll of Reticular Nucleus

A

Source of regulatory input to the thalamus

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38
Q

what does the Reticular Nucleus look like

A

sheet of neurons, covering th thalamus

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39
Q

travel of axons of the Reticular Nucleus

A

traverse nucleus to enter/leave thalamus and send collaterals to it

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40
Q

what are the inputs and the outputs of the Reticular Nucleus

A

input from the Cortex and the Thalamus and output are inhibitory axons to the thalamus (no projections to the cortex)

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41
Q

how fibers project out to the cortex

A

internal capsule

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42
Q

what passes through the internal capsule

A

thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers

almost all fibers going to and from the cortex

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43
Q

the collection of fibers in the internal capsule form what

A

the cerebral peduncle

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44
Q

what does the cerebreal peduncle do

A

Corticospinal, sorticobulbar, and corticopontine fibers descend down it

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45
Q

Internal Capsule Divisions

A 
Anterior Limb
Genu (G)
Posterior Limb
Retrolenticular Limb
sublenticular parts
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46
Q

how is the internal capsule devided

A

based on relationship to lenticular nuclues (plobus pallidus + putamen)

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47
Q

where is the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule

A

between the lenticular nucleus and caudate

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48
Q

where is the Genu of the Internal Capsule

A

Between the anterior and posterior limbs

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49
Q

where is the posterior limb of the Internal Capsule

A

between the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus

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50
Q

where is the retrolenticular limb of the Internal Capsule

A

Behind the lenticular nucleus

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51
Q

where is the sublenticular part of the Internal Capsule

A

beneath the lenticular nucleus

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52
Q

what projects through the anterior limb of the internal capsule

A

the anterior nucleus to the cingular gyrus

the DM to the prefrontal cortex

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53
Q

what projects through the posterior limb of the internal capsule

A

VA/VL to motor areas
motor areas to the brainstem and spinal cord
VPL/VPM to the seomatosensory cortex

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54
Q

what projects through the sublenticular limb of the internal capsul

A

MGN to the auditory cortex

LGN to visual cortex, the superior visual field

55
Q

what projects through the retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule

A

Pulvinar/LP to the parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

LGN to Visual cortex, the inferior visual field

56
Q

Roll of the Hypothalamus

A

Autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and somatic function
Maintains homeostasis
control pituitary
also can talk to cortex to aid in fight and flight

57
Q

borders of the Hypothalamus

A 
Superior border: hypothalamic sulcus
Anterior border: lamina terminalis
Posterior border: midbrain tegmentum
Medial border: 3rd ventricle
Lateral Border: internal Capsule
Inferior border: optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, median Eminence, Mammillary bodies
58
Q

Longitudianl organization of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior: lamina terminalis to infundibulum
Tuberal: Infundibulum to mammilary bodies
Posterior: mammilary bodies to tegmentum

59
Q

the most anterior portion of the hypothalamus

A

lamina terminalis(the most rostral extent of the neural tube closure)

60
Q

What is included in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

A

Median eminence, Tuber cinereum

61
Q

medial-lateral organization of the hypothalamus

A

Lateral
medial
Periventricular

62
Q

the rostral continuation of the reticular formation

A

lateral hypothalamus

63
Q

what is contained in the lateral hypothalamus

A

variety of nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)

64
Q

the hypothalamic subnuclei

A

Medial hyopthalamus

65
Q

the rostral continuation of periaqueductal gray from midbrain

A

Periventricular hypothalamus

66
Q

what is found in the Periventricular Hypothalamus

A

Contains nuclei and tracts (dorsal longitudinal fasciculus)

67
Q

the superior hypophyseal artery branches from

A

internal carotid artery

68
Q

what does the superior hypophyseal artery supply

A

capillary bed in infundibulum

69
Q

the capillary bed in the infundibulum drains into

A

portal vessels in adenohypophysis (aka anterior pituitary)

70
Q

portal vessels drain to

A

second capillary bed around endocrine cells of adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

71
Q

where do neurons of the hypothalamus secrete their hormones

A

into the superior hypophyseal artery

72
Q

what do the endocrine cells of adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) release thier hormones

A

in the second cappiliary bed to the cavernous sinus

73
Q

The inferior hypophyseal artery branches from what

A

internal carotid

74
Q

what does the inferior hypophyseal artery supply

A

neurohyposphysis (posterior pituitary)

75
Q

where do cappliaries of the hypothalamus drain to delive both anterior and psoterior pituitary hormones to systemic circulation

A

into cavernous sinus

76
Q

what controls pituitary secretions

A

neuroendocrine cells

77
Q

where do neuroendocrine cells synapse

A

on walls of capillaries

78
Q

are neuroendocrine cells true endocrine cells

A

yes, because they release secretions into capillaries

79
Q

where are the somas of neuroendocrine cells

A

hypophysiotrophic area in the lower half od preoptic and tuberal regions

80
Q

the types of neuroendocrine cells

A

parvocellular

Magnocellular

81
Q

neuroendocrine cells that end in the median eminence

A

parvocellular

82
Q

neuroendocrine cells that end in the posterior lobe

A

magnocellular

83
Q

nucleus of the parvocellular neucroendocrine cells

A

preoptic
ventromedial
arcuate

84
Q

nucleus of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells

A

supraoptic

paraventricular

85
Q

what do parvocellular neurons give rise to as a tract

A

tuberoinfundibular tract

86
Q

what kind of hormoes are carried by the parvocellular neurons

A

releasing or inhibiting hormes

all peptide but prolactin IH

87
Q

ant or post pituiary for parvocellular neurons

A

anterior

88
Q

the two hormes released by posterior pituitary neurons

A 
Antidiuretic horme (Vasopressin)
oxytocin
89
Q

roll of antidiuretic hormone

A

increase water uptake by kidney, decrease urine output

90
Q

loss of Antidiuretic hormone leads to

A

diabetes insipidis

91
Q

what causes a release of antidiuretic hormone

A

Hypothalamus senses blood osmotic pressure

input from subfornical circumventricular organ

92
Q

oxytocin leads to

A

contraction of uterine and other smooth muscles

93
Q

oxytocin is released when

A

Breastfeeding

Infant suckling

94
Q

infant suckling reflex

A

in mom from nipple and spinoreticular tract and spinohypothalamic tract

95
Q

what does stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus lead to

A

parasympathetic effect: Slow HR, Constrict Pupil, Peristalsis, Salivation

96
Q

stimulation of the Posterior hypothalamus leads to

A

sympathetic effects: increase HR, BP, dilate pupils, intestinal stasis

97
Q

axons from hypothalamus project down

A

brainsteam and spinal cord in dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

98
Q

Eating

A

baseline calorid/nutrient intake

99
Q

Eating is sesnitive to

A

blood glucose

100
Q

what is involved in creating appestat(appetite set point)

A

interplay of lateral and ventromedial nuclei

also serotonin

101
Q

high levels of serotonin effect on appetite

A

Anorexia

102
Q

low levels of serotonin effect on appetitte

A

bulimics

103
Q

Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus effect on eating

A

stimulates eating

104
Q

Ventromeidal nucleus of hypothalamus effect on eating

A

refuse food

105
Q

Ventromedial lession leads to

A

overweight

anger/agressions

106
Q

release of ACTH in males from the anterior pituitary leads to

A

fight or flight

increase in cortisol from adrenal gland

107
Q

activation of the fight or flight response in males shows activation where else

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

108
Q

what is the female reponse for fight of flight due to hypothalamic function

A

tend and befriend - protect offspring; affiliate with social groups

109
Q

effect of oxytocin released in capillary bed of neurohypophysis and estrogen

A

counteract sympathetic over activity due to stress

110
Q

activation of the female tend and befriend response shows activation where in the brain

A

cingulate gyrus (cortical emotional control center)

111
Q

nucleus that gives hypothalmic control of sleep wake cycle

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

112
Q

where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus get input

A

direct input from retina

113
Q

how does the body set the sleep wake cycle

A

due to the suprachiasmatic nucleus with the pineal gland

114
Q

lesion of posterior hypothalamus leads to

A

hypersomnolence (increased sleep) or coma

115
Q

what does the tuberomammillary nucleus contain

A

histminergic neurons with wide projections

116
Q

roll of histiminergic neurons

A

arousal function

117
Q

what plays a roll in arousal

A 
histiminergic neurons
also orexin (PR hormone)
118
Q

where is orexin relased

A

lateral nucleus

119
Q

what nuerons are in control of sexual arousal

A

subset of neurons in the medial aspect of the preoptic nucleus (contains androgen receptors)

120
Q

size of sex neurons in males and females

A

2x as large in males

121
Q

what receptors are found in the ventromedial nuclues for female sexual arousal

A

estrogen rich receptors

122
Q

where do mammillary bodies send info

A

send infro to anterior nucleus of thalamus(limbic relay)

123
Q

what is invovled in memory in the hypothalamus

A

memory

124
Q

mammmillary bodies are invovled in what circuit from the hippocampus

A

Papez circuit

125
Q

what are the 2 main hypothalamic inputs

A

Parts of forebrain, especially limbic system

brainstem and spinal cord

126
Q

what info is conveyed from the forebrain, limbic system to the hypothalmus

A

infro needed for th hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states

127
Q

what info is conveyed from the brainstem and spinal cord to the hypothalamus

A

convey visceral and sensory info

128
Q

how do septal nuclei reach the hypothalamus

A

via MFB

129
Q

how do ventral striatum reach the hypothalamus

A

via MFB

130
Q

how do insula and orbitofrontal cortex reach the hypothalamus

A

via MFB

131
Q

how does the hippocampus reach the hypothalamus

A

via fornix

132
Q

how does the amygdala reach the hypothalamus

A

via stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathways

133
Q

how does the brainstem and the spinal cord reach the hypothalamus

A

via DLF and MFB

134
Q

pathways of hypothalmic outputs

A

mirror the inputs

anatomy last exam (14 decks)

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