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anatomy last exam > Respiratory System histology > Flashcards

Respiratory System histology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of

A

Lungs

Passages leading to and from lungs

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2
Q

3 principle functions of the respiratory system

A

Air conduction
Air Filtration
Gas Exchange (respiration)

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3
Q

2 functional divisions of the respiratory system

A

Conducting division

respiratory division

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4
Q

The passages leading to the site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

Conducting division

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5
Q

What makes up the conducting division of the respiratory system

A 
Nasal vacities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and Bronchioles
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6
Q

the site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory division

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7
Q

What makes up the respiratory division of the respiratory system

A

REspiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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8
Q

roll of the conducting division

A

Involved in conditioning the air

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9
Q

What is done to condition air

A

Warm
Moisten
removal of particulate materials

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10
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified column epithelium +goblet cells

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11
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found

A

along most of the pathway of the conducting division of the respiratory system

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12
Q

what aids in conditioning air of the conducting division (moisten air, trapping particles, preventing dehydration of epithelium)

A

Mucous and serous secretions

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13
Q

what covers most of luminal surface of conducting passages

A

Mucus

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14
Q

what produces mucuous continuously in the conducting passages

A

Goblet cells and mucous-secreting glands in passage walls

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15
Q

sweeps mucous and other secretions containing trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx

A

Cilia

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16
Q

regions of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory region
respiratory region
Nasal vestibule

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17
Q

location of the olfactory region

A

at the apex of nasal cavity

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18
Q

what lines the olfactory region

A

olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

the largest region of the nasal cavity

A

Respiratory region

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20
Q

what lines the respiratory region

A

respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

the dilated space just outside the nostril

A

Nasal vestibule

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22
Q

what lines the nasal vestibule

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

what is olfactory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells

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24
Q

what kind of cell are olfactory receptor cells

A

Bipolar olfactory neurons

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25
Q

travel of olfactory receptor cells

A

Span thickness of epithelium

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26
Q

cells of the olfactory epithelium

A 
olfactory receptor cells
Supporting (sustentacular) cells
Basal cells
Brush cells
Olfactory (Bowman's) gland
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27
Q

what kind of cells are supporting (sustentacular) cells

A

columnar cells

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28
Q

roll of supporting (sustentacular) cells

A

provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells

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29
Q

what type of cells are basal cells

A

Stem cells

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30
Q

roll of basal cells

A

give rise to new olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells

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31
Q

what do brush cells of olfactory epithelium have

A

possess microvilli

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32
Q

roll of brush cells

A

involved in transduction of general sensory stimulation of mucosa

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33
Q

what type of gland is an olfactory gland

A

serous gland

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34
Q

roll of olfactory gland’s sectretions

A

trap and act as a solvent for odiferous substances

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35
Q

where is the secretory portion of olfactory glands located

A

in the lamina propria

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36
Q

cell types of Respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Brush Cells
Basal cells

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37
Q

What do Ciliated cells of the respiratory region look like

A

tall columnar cells with cilia

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38
Q

what do Goblet cells of the respiratory region do

A

Synth and secrete mucous

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39
Q

what do Brush cells of the respiratory region look like

A

Columnar cells with short, blunt microvilli

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40
Q

what do brush cells of the respiratory region do

A

Sensory Recetpor cells

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41
Q

what do basal cells of the respiratory region do

A

stem cells that give rise to all other cell types

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42
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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43
Q

Epithelium of the Nasopharynx

A

Ciliated psueodostratified columnar epithelium

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44
Q

Epithelium of the Oropharynx

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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45
Q

Epithelium of the Laryngopharynx

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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46
Q

the passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea and organ for speech

47
Q

what forms the Larynx

A

Hyaline and Elastic cartilage

48
Q

what is found in the vestibular folds that differentiate it from the vocal folds

A

mucous glands

49
Q

what is found in the vocal folds that separate it from the vestibular folds

A

Vocalis muscles (skeletal muscles)

50
Q

what coves the vestibular fold

A

respiratory epithelium with prominent mucous glands

51
Q

what covers the vocal folds

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

layers of the tracheal wall

A

Mucosa
submucosa
Cartilaginous
Adventitia

53
Q

what makes up the mucosa of the trachea

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium on a Thick basement membrane
with goblet cells

54
Q

the cilia of the mucosa of the trachea provide what

A

Mucocillilary escalatory

55
Q

what makes up the submucosa of the trachea

A

Loose connective tissue, slightly denser than that of lamina propria
also sermucous secreting glands

56
Q

cartilage of the cartilaginous layer of the trachea

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

57
Q

what bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped tracheal cartilages

A

Smooth muscle (trachealis m.)

58
Q

roll of the adventitia in the trachea

A

connective tissue that binds to trachea and adjacent strucutres

59
Q

what happens to wall strucutre as branching occures

A

Initially have the same wall structure as trachea, but changes as branching occures

60
Q

what happens to Bronchi cartilage rings as branching occures

A

Cartilage rings replaced by plates or slivers of Hyaline cartilage and then disapear

61
Q

what happens to Bronchi smooth muscle as branching occures

A

increase as cartilage decreases

62
Q

what happens to Bronchi psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells height as branching occurs

A

decreases as bronchi decrease in diameter

63
Q

walls of the bronchi

A 
Mucosa
Muscularis
submucosa
Cartilage layer
adventitia
64
Q

epithelium of mucosa layer of bronchial wall

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

65
Q

Basement membrane in the mucosa of bronchial wall

A

Conspicuous in primary bronchi, and is discrete in secondary bronchi

66
Q

Muscularis layer of bronchial wall

A

A cont layer of smooth muscle in large bronchi, becoming less prominent in small bronchi

67
Q

what makes up the submucosa of the bronchi

A

Loose connective tissue

68
Q

glands of the submucosa of the bronchi

A

In larger bronchi

69
Q

what makes up the cartilage layer of the bronchi

A

Disontinuous Cartilage plates, beomcing smaller as bronchial dimater diminishes

70
Q

what makes up the adventitia of the bronchia

A

Dense connective tissue

71
Q

size of bronchioles

A

less than 1mm in diamter

72
Q

what happens to epithelium height as bronchioles devide

73
Q

epithelium of the bronchioles

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple columnar epithelium as it gets smaller

74
Q

what lines the smallest terminal bronchioles

A

ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

75
Q

location of goblet cells in bronchioles

A

found in largest bronchioles, but not in terminal bronchioles

76
Q

cartilage in the wall of the bronchioles

77
Q

muscle in bronchioles

A

relatively thick layer of smooth muscle in the walls

78
Q

what cells are interspersed among the ciliated cells of terminal brnchioles

A

Clara cells

79
Q

morphology of Clara cells

A

Nonciliated cells with characteristic dome-shaped apical surface projects

80
Q

what does Clara cells do

A

Secrete a surface-active agent (lipoprotein) to prevent luminal adhesion of airway walls
and relieves surface tension

81
Q

number of clara cells along terminal bronchioles

A

increase in number as ciliated cells decrease along the length of the bronchioles

82
Q

Last part of the conducting devision

A

terminal bronchioles

83
Q

Respiratory divison travel

A

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

84
Q

size of REspiratory bronchioles

A

Narrow Diameter

85
Q

What lines Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Proximally: both ciliated cells and Clara cells
Distally: Clara cells predominated

86
Q

Epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

87
Q

what extends from lumen of respiratory bronchioles

A

Scattered, thin-walled outpocketings (alveoli)

88
Q

what is the first part of the bronchial tree to allow gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchioles

89
Q

The terminal air spaces for gas exchange between air and blood

90
Q

what surrounds each alveolus

A

Capillary network

91
Q

why is each alveolus surrounded by a Capillary network:

A

Brings blood in close proximity to air within the alveolus

92
Q

Elongated airways that have almost no walls (only alveoli as their peripheral boundary

A

Alveolar ducts

93
Q

what is present on alveolar ducts

A

Smooth muscle

94
Q

space surrounded by clusters of alveoli

A

Alveolar sacs

95
Q

Alveoli open into

A

alveolar sacs

96
Q

what surrounds and separates alveoli

A

Exceedingly thin connective tissue layer

97
Q

what is contained in the connective tissue layer that sounds alveoli

A

Blood capillaries

98
Q

THe tissue between adjacent alveolar air spaces

A

Alveolar septum (septal wall)

99
Q

Cell types of Alveolar Septaum

A

Type I alveolar Cells (type I Pneumocytes)
Type II alveolar Cells (Type II Penumocytes/Septal Cells)
Alveolar Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts

100
Q

Shape of Type I alveolar cells

A

Thin squamous cells

101
Q

what cells line most of the alveolar surface

A

Type I alveolar cells (95%)

102
Q

Shape of Type II alveolar cells

A

Cuboidal cells the buldge into air space

103
Q

what do Type II Alveolar cells do

A

Secretory cells that produce and secrete surface active agent (surfactant)

104
Q

what is in surfactant

A

Mix of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins

105
Q

Roll of Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension at the air

106
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found

A

In septal connective tissue and air space of alveoli

107
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do

A

remove inhaled particles

108
Q

what are alveolar macrophages also called

A

Dust cells called

109
Q

what are Alveolar macrophages derived from

A

Blood monocytes and belong to mononuclear phagocyte system

110
Q

what composes the capillary walls of the alveolar septum

A

Endothelial cells

111
Q

The site of the Air-blood barrier

A

Alveolar septum

112
Q

the cells and cell products across which gasses must diffuse

A

Air-blood barrier

113
Q

what makes up the air-blood barrier

A

Surface lining and Cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells
Cytoplasm of the endothelial cells

anatomy last exam (14 decks)

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