Respiratory System histology Flashcards
1
Q
what does the respiratory system consist of
A
Lungs
Passages leading to and from lungs
2
Q
3 principle functions of the respiratory system
A
Air conduction
Air Filtration
Gas Exchange (respiration)
3
Q
2 functional divisions of the respiratory system
A
Conducting division
respiratory division
4
Q
The passages leading to the site of gas exchange in the lungs
A
Conducting division
5
Q
What makes up the conducting division of the respiratory system
A
Nasal vacities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and Bronchioles
6
Q
the site of gas exchange
A
Respiratory division
7
Q
What makes up the respiratory division of the respiratory system
A
REspiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
8
Q
roll of the conducting division
A
Involved in conditioning the air
9
Q
What is done to condition air
A
Warm
Moisten
removal of particulate materials
10
Q
what is respiratory epithelium
A
Ciliated pseudostratified column epithelium +goblet cells
11
Q
Where is respiratory epithelium found
A
along most of the pathway of the conducting division of the respiratory system
12
Q
what aids in conditioning air of the conducting division (moisten air, trapping particles, preventing dehydration of epithelium)
A
Mucous and serous secretions
13
Q
what covers most of luminal surface of conducting passages
A
Mucus
14
Q
what produces mucuous continuously in the conducting passages
A
Goblet cells and mucous-secreting glands in passage walls
15
Q
sweeps mucous and other secretions containing trapped particulate matter toward the pharynx
A
Cilia
16
Q
regions of the nasal cavity
A
Olfactory region
respiratory region
Nasal vestibule
17
Q
location of the olfactory region
A
at the apex of nasal cavity
18
Q
what lines the olfactory region
A
olfactory epithelium
19
Q
the largest region of the nasal cavity
A
Respiratory region
20
Q
what lines the respiratory region
A
respiratory epithelium
21
Q
the dilated space just outside the nostril
A
Nasal vestibule
22
Q
what lines the nasal vestibule
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
23
Q
what is olfactory epithelium
A
pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells
24
Q
what kind of cell are olfactory receptor cells
A
Bipolar olfactory neurons
25
travel of olfactory receptor cells
Span thickness of epithelium
26
cells of the olfactory epithelium
```
olfactory receptor cells
Supporting (sustentacular) cells
Basal cells
Brush cells
Olfactory (Bowman's) gland
```
27
what kind of cells are supporting (sustentacular) cells
columnar cells
28
roll of supporting (sustentacular) cells
provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells
29
what type of cells are basal cells
Stem cells
30
roll of basal cells
give rise to new olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells
31
what do brush cells of olfactory epithelium have
possess microvilli
32
roll of brush cells
involved in transduction of general sensory stimulation of mucosa
33
what type of gland is an olfactory gland
serous gland
34
roll of olfactory gland's sectretions
trap and act as a solvent for odiferous substances
35
where is the secretory portion of olfactory glands located
in the lamina propria
36
cell types of Respiratory epithelium
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Brush Cells
Basal cells
37
What do Ciliated cells of the respiratory region look like
tall columnar cells with cilia
38
what do Goblet cells of the respiratory region do
Synth and secrete mucous
39
what do Brush cells of the respiratory region look like
Columnar cells with short, blunt microvilli
40
what do brush cells of the respiratory region do
Sensory Recetpor cells
41
what do basal cells of the respiratory region do
stem cells that give rise to all other cell types
42
3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
43
Epithelium of the Nasopharynx
Ciliated psueodostratified columnar epithelium
44
Epithelium of the Oropharynx
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
45
Epithelium of the Laryngopharynx
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
46
the passageway for air between oropharynx and trachea and organ for speech
Larynx
47
what forms the Larynx
Hyaline and Elastic cartilage
48
what is found in the vestibular folds that differentiate it from the vocal folds
mucous glands
49
what is found in the vocal folds that separate it from the vestibular folds
Vocalis muscles (skeletal muscles)
50
what coves the vestibular fold
respiratory epithelium with prominent mucous glands
51
what covers the vocal folds
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
52
layers of the tracheal wall
Mucosa
submucosa
Cartilaginous
Adventitia
53
what makes up the mucosa of the trachea
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium on a Thick basement membrane
with goblet cells
54
the cilia of the mucosa of the trachea provide what
Mucocillilary escalatory
55
what makes up the submucosa of the trachea
Loose connective tissue, slightly denser than that of lamina propria
also sermucous secreting glands
56
cartilage of the cartilaginous layer of the trachea
C shaped hyaline cartilage
57
what bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped tracheal cartilages
Smooth muscle (trachealis m.)
58
roll of the adventitia in the trachea
connective tissue that binds to trachea and adjacent strucutres
59
what happens to wall strucutre as branching occures
Initially have the same wall structure as trachea, but changes as branching occures
60
what happens to Bronchi cartilage rings as branching occures
Cartilage rings replaced by plates or slivers of Hyaline cartilage and then disapear
61
what happens to Bronchi smooth muscle as branching occures
increase as cartilage decreases
62
what happens to Bronchi psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells height as branching occurs
decreases as bronchi decrease in diameter
63
walls of the bronchi
```
Mucosa
Muscularis
submucosa
Cartilage layer
adventitia
```
64
epithelium of mucosa layer of bronchial wall
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
65
Basement membrane in the mucosa of bronchial wall
Conspicuous in primary bronchi, and is discrete in secondary bronchi
66
Muscularis layer of bronchial wall
A cont layer of smooth muscle in large bronchi, becoming less prominent in small bronchi
67
what makes up the submucosa of the bronchi
Loose connective tissue
68
glands of the submucosa of the bronchi
In larger bronchi
69
what makes up the cartilage layer of the bronchi
Disontinuous Cartilage plates, beomcing smaller as bronchial dimater diminishes
70
what makes up the adventitia of the bronchia
Dense connective tissue
71
size of bronchioles
less than 1mm in diamter
72
what happens to epithelium height as bronchioles devide
decreases
73
epithelium of the bronchioles
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple columnar epithelium as it gets smaller
74
what lines the smallest terminal bronchioles
ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
75
location of goblet cells in bronchioles
found in largest bronchioles, but not in terminal bronchioles
76
cartilage in the wall of the bronchioles
no
77
muscle in bronchioles
relatively thick layer of smooth muscle in the walls
78
what cells are interspersed among the ciliated cells of terminal brnchioles
Clara cells
79
morphology of Clara cells
Nonciliated cells with characteristic dome-shaped apical surface projects
80
what does Clara cells do
Secrete a surface-active agent (lipoprotein) to prevent luminal adhesion of airway walls
and relieves surface tension
81
number of clara cells along terminal bronchioles
increase in number as ciliated cells decrease along the length of the bronchioles
82
Last part of the conducting devision
terminal bronchioles
83
Respiratory divison travel
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
84
size of REspiratory bronchioles
Narrow Diameter
85
What lines Respiratory Bronchioles
Proximally: both ciliated cells and Clara cells
Distally: Clara cells predominated
86
Epithelium of respiratory bronchioles
Cuboidal
87
what extends from lumen of respiratory bronchioles
Scattered, thin-walled outpocketings (alveoli)
88
what is the first part of the bronchial tree to allow gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
89
The terminal air spaces for gas exchange between air and blood
Alveoli
90
what surrounds each alveolus
Capillary network
91
why is each alveolus surrounded by a Capillary network:
Brings blood in close proximity to air within the alveolus
92
Elongated airways that have almost no walls (only alveoli as their peripheral boundary
Alveolar ducts
93
what is present on alveolar ducts
Smooth muscle
94
space surrounded by clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sacs
95
Alveoli open into
alveolar sacs
96
what surrounds and separates alveoli
Exceedingly thin connective tissue layer
97
what is contained in the connective tissue layer that sounds alveoli
Blood capillaries
98
THe tissue between adjacent alveolar air spaces
Alveolar septum (septal wall)
99
Cell types of Alveolar Septaum
Type I alveolar Cells (type I Pneumocytes)
Type II alveolar Cells (Type II Penumocytes/Septal Cells)
Alveolar Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
100
Shape of Type I alveolar cells
Thin squamous cells
101
what cells line most of the alveolar surface
Type I alveolar cells (95%)
102
Shape of Type II alveolar cells
Cuboidal cells the buldge into air space
103
what do Type II Alveolar cells do
Secretory cells that produce and secrete surface active agent (surfactant)
104
what is in surfactant
Mix of phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins
105
Roll of Surfactant
Reduces surface tension at the air
106
Where are alveolar macrophages found
In septal connective tissue and air space of alveoli
107
what do alveolar macrophages do
remove inhaled particles
108
what are alveolar macrophages also called
Dust cells called
109
what are Alveolar macrophages derived from
Blood monocytes and belong to mononuclear phagocyte system
110
what composes the capillary walls of the alveolar septum
Endothelial cells
111
The site of the Air-blood barrier
Alveolar septum
112
the cells and cell products across which gasses must diffuse
Air-blood barrier
113
what makes up the air-blood barrier
Surface lining and Cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells
Cytoplasm of the endothelial cells
