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anatomy last exam > Cardiovascular System Histology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

major componenets of the Cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

Major function of the Cardiovascular system

A

Transportaions of Nutrients and oxygen, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

what does the left side of the heart bump

A

For the systemic circuit

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4
Q

what part of the heart receives oxygenated blood

A

LEft atrium

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5
Q

what does the right side of the heart pump

A

pump for the pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

what does the right atrium recieve

A

Deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

how much does the atrium fill the ventricles

A

30%, with gravity doing the rest

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8
Q

what is contained in the heart wall

A 
Cardiac muscle tissue
Fibrous skeleton 
Conducting system
Coronary vasculature
Serous membrane
Endothelial cells with underlying connective tissues
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9
Q

what makes up the Fibrous skeleton on the heart

A 
Fibrous rings (4)
Fibrous Trigones (2)
Membranous portion of the interventricular and interatrial septa
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10
Q

what do the Fibrous rings of the heart curround

A

The valve orifices

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11
Q

what connects the Fibrous rings of the heart

A

Fibrous Trigone

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12
Q

Roll of the Fibrous skeleton on the heart

A

Something for muscles to attach to, and electrical insulator

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13
Q

Roll of the Fibrous rings of the heart

A

Attach to the leaflets of the valves

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14
Q

what is in the interventricular and interatrial septa

A

No muscle, only connective tissue

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15
Q

what is between the Atria and the ventricals

A

the fibrous skeleton

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16
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium-outer
Myocardium-middle
Endocardium-inner

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17
Q

What is the other name for the Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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18
Q

what makes up the myocardium

A

Made of mainly cardiac muscle

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

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19
Q

Components of the endocardium

A

Endothelial cells-inner
Subendothelial layer- middle
Subendocardial layer- deepest

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20
Q

what is found in the subendothelial layer

A

Contains connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

what is found in the subendocardial layer

A

Connective tissue layer containing the intrinsic conduction system

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22
Q

Parts of the PEricardium

A

Fibrous pericardium - outer
Parietal layer of serous pericardium - middle
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of serous pericardium- part of heart wall

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23
Q

THickest layer of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

what fibers are contained within the subendocardial layer

A

Perkinji fibers

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25
Q

the 4 valves associated with the hear

A

Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid or mitral valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar value

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26
Q

what are teh atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid or mitral valve

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27
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

Aortic semilunar valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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28
Q

what do the Atrioventricular valves do

A

Prevent backflow into the atria

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29
Q

what do the Semilunar valves do

A

PRevent backflow into the ventricles

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30
Q

what enforces one way blood flow through the heart

A

Heart valves

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31
Q

why do heart valves open or close

A

REsponse to pressure changes

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32
Q

valves that protect the entrnaces of the venae cavae, coronary sinus, and pulmonary veins

A

No valves

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33
Q

What are the heart valves made of

A

Connective tissue with overlying endocardium

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34
Q

3 layers of the heart valves

A

Spongiosa
Fibrosa
Ventricularis

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35
Q

what makes up the Spongiosa of the heart valves

A

Loose connective tissue covered in endothelim made of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers infiltrated with proteoglycans

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36
Q

where is spongiosa located

A

On the atrial or blood vessel side of the valve

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37
Q

roll of the Spongiosa

A

Shock absorber

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38
Q

where is the Fibrosa of the heart valve

A

the core of the valve

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39
Q

what does the Fibrosa contain

A

Fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeltal rings of the heart

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40
Q

what is the Ventricularis of the heart valve

A

Dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium

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41
Q

where is the Ventricularis of the heart valve

A

Adjacent to the ventricular side of the valve

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42
Q

what is found on the surface of heart valves

A

Endothelial cells

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43
Q

can the heart depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system

A

YES!

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44
Q

the ability of the heart to depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system

A

Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

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45
Q

what is the intrinsic conduction system composed of to send electonics to contract

A

1% noncontracile cardiac cells (cardiac conducting cells/autorhythmic cells)- self excitable

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46
Q

what does it mean to say that noncontractile cardiac cells are self excitable

A

can generate an action potential without nervous system input

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47
Q

Types of Cardiac conducting cells

A

Nodal cardiac Cells

Purkinje fibers

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48
Q

what are Cardiac conducting cells organized into

A

Nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts

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49
Q

what are the cardiac conducting cells responsible for

A

the initiation and distribution of impulses throughout the heart

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50
Q

what sets the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contracts

A

by the pacemaker cells

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51
Q

what alters the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contractions

A

Sympathetic (accelerates the heartbeat)
Parasympathetic (decelerates the heartbeat)
also hormones for the intrinsic rate

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52
Q

what is the excitation sequence that takes place in collections of autorhthmic cardiac cells

A 
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
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53
Q

what is the pacemaker of the herat

A

Sinoatrial node

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54
Q

Roll of the Sinoatrial Node

A

Determines heart rate through its sinus rhythm

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55
Q

how do impulses from the Sinoatrial node travel to the atrioventricular node

A

Via the internodal pathway or tracts

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56
Q

what happens to impulses at the atrioventricular node

A

Delayed for .1sec to allow for the atria to contract

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57
Q

what is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles

A

Atrioventicular bundle/bundle of His

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58
Q

What does the Atrioventicular bundle/bundle of His travese across

A

Across the fibrous skeleton

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59
Q

what are the branches of the atrioventricular bundle

A

Right and left bundle branches

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60
Q

where doe the Right and left bundle branches course towards

A

To the apex of the heart through the interventricular septum

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61
Q

where do the Purkinje fibers travel

A

Finish path in interventricular septum, around apex of heart, and head back towards atria

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62
Q

where is the SA node

A

in the roof of the right atrium

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63
Q

where are nodal cardiac muscle cells found

A

in the SA and AV nodes

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64
Q

what are Nodal cardiac muscle cells derived from

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells

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65
Q

size of Nodal Cardiac muscle cells

A

Smaller than surroudning atrial contractile cardiac cells

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66
Q

what do nodal cardiac muscle cells lack to separate them from normal cardiac muscle

A

Fewer myofibrils

lack intercalated disks

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67
Q

where are Purkinje fibers

A

in the av bundle
Bundle brnaches
Subendothelial branches

68
Q

what are Purkinje fibers

A

Modified cardiac muscle

69
Q

Size of Purkinje fibers

A

Larger than surrounding ventricular contractile cardiac cells

70
Q

what is found at the periphery of purkinje fiber cells

A

Myofibrils

71
Q

what do Purkinje fiber Nuclei look like

A

Round and larger than nuclei of regular cardiac fibers

72
Q

what is found inbetween Purkinje fibers

A

Associated intercalated disks

73
Q

what kind of staining do Purkinje fibers respond to due to the large amount of glycogen in them

A

PAS staining

74
Q

how do Purkinje fibers look with H and E stain

A

Glycogen rich center of cell appears homogenous and stains pale

75
Q

Layers of the Ventricular wall of the heart starting with blood side

A 
endocardial layer:
Endothelial cells
Subendothelial layer( connective tissue + smooth muscle cells)
Subendocardial layer( connective tissue)
Myocardium:
76
Q

Size of cells in the Subendocardial layer

A

Very large

77
Q

Description of Endocardial cells

A

Large with central round nucleii
Pale/nonstaining due to glycogen
Perifery may have myocardiacdial cells

78
Q

Size of nodal cells compared to contractile cells

A

Much smaller

79
Q

size of cells in the heart

A

Purkinji fibers the largest
myocardium contractile cells
Nodal cells

80
Q

The tree major types of blood vessels

A

Artiers
Capillaries
Veins

81
Q

what is the smallest artery

A

Arteriole

82
Q

what is the smallest blood vessel

A

Capillaries

83
Q

Main roll of capillaries

A

Exchange of materials between blood and body tissue

84
Q

Smallest vein

A

VEnule

85
Q

where is the pressure lowest in the circulatory system

A

The largest veins (decreases as blood goes toward the heart

86
Q

where is the pressure the highest in the circulatory system

A

Right after the heart

87
Q

3 layers of blood vessel

A

Tunical Interna
Tunica MEdia
Tunica Externa

88
Q

parts of the tunica interna

A 
Endothelium
Basal Lamina
Subendothelial layer
(also internal elastic membrane in some artiers and aterioles)
89
Q

What has an internal elastic membrane

A

some arteries and artieroles

90
Q

what does the Tunica media contain

A

Rings of smooth muscle cells
Sheets/lamellae/laminae of elastin
(external elastic membrane for ateries)

91
Q

what is the roll of the smooth muscle of the Tunica Meida

A

VAsocontstriction and vasodilation

92
Q

what is found in the Tunica Externa/adventitia in large vessel

A

Vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis

93
Q

what is the endothelium of Blood vessels

A

Simple ssquamous cells

94
Q

what is the subendothelial layer of the blood vessels

A

Loose connective tissue

95
Q

largest layer in the artieries

A

Tunica media

96
Q

largest layer in the veins

A

TUnica Externa

97
Q

what is the direction of epithelial cells in the blood vessels

A

Along the direction of blood flow

98
Q

How do blood vessels and arteries look in cross section

A

Arteries more oprn
Veins more collapsed
Lumen of vein is much larger

99
Q

4 types of arteries

A

Elastic/conducting arteries (large arteries)
Muscular/distributing arteries (medium arteries)
Small arteries
arterioles

100
Q

the largest diameter arteries

A

Elastic/conducting arteries (10mm)

101
Q

what is found in the walls of elastic/conducting arteries

A

LArge amount of elastic fibers

102
Q

why would elastic/conducting arteries have a lot of elastic fibers in them

A

expand and recoil

103
Q

what is the roll of elastic/conducting arteries

A

Propel blood onward while ventricles relax (pressure reserve)

104
Q

size of muscular distributing arteries

A

2-10mm (meidum)

105
Q

what is found in the walls of muscular distributing arteries

A

lots of smooth muscle

106
Q

Roll of muscular/distributing arteries

A

regualte the blood flow to specific regions

107
Q

roll of muscles of muscular/distributing arteris

A

in a cicular origin to contract or release

108
Q

size of small arteirs

A

.1-2mm

109
Q

what makes up the tunica media of small arteries

A

8 layers of smooth muscle at most

110
Q

size of arterioles

A

10 micrometeres to 100.

111
Q

what is found in the unica media of arterioles

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

112
Q

what is found on the tunica intima of elastic/conducting artiers

A

inconspicuous internal elastic membrane

113
Q

what separates the smooth muscle of the tunica media of elastic/conducting arteries

A

Elastic lamellae

114
Q

what may be found in the tunica adventitia of elastic/conducting arteires

A

Vasa vasorum/nervi vascularis

115
Q

thickness of tunica intima of muscular/distributing artiers

A

Thinner than muscular/distruiting artiers

116
Q

what is found in the tunica intima of Muscular/distruting artiers

A

Prominent internal elastic membrane

117
Q

what is found in the tunica media of muscular/distributing artiers

A

Smooth muscles with limitedelastic material

prominent external elastic membrane

118
Q

Thickness of Tunica adventitia of muscular distributing arteries

A

Relatively thiccc

119
Q

what is found in the tunica adventitia of muscular/distributing arteries

A

possibly Vasa vasorum or nervi vascularis

120
Q

what is found in the tunica intima of small arteries

A

Internal elastic membrane (typically)

121
Q

size of tunica adventitia of Small artiers

A

Thin and ill defined

122
Q

what may be missing from the arterioles tunica intima

A

May be missing the internal elastic membrane

123
Q

size of tuniva adventitia of arterioles

A

Thin, ill defined

124
Q

what makes up the wal of capillaries

A

Thin wall

125
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries based on morphology

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Discontinuous cappilaries (AKA sinusoidal capillaries)

126
Q

size of capillaries

A

4-10 micrometers (RBC is 7.5microns)

127
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

Muscles
Lungs
CNS

128
Q

what is the endothelium of Continous cappilaries

A

Uninterrupted endothelial with tight/occluding junction

129
Q

how does stuff move across continuous cappilaries

A

Must be selected for

130
Q

what cells are associated with Continous cappilaries

A

Pinocytotic vessels

Asociated perictes

131
Q

Roll of Pinocytotic Vessels for Cotinuous capillaries

A

Go in and help transport

132
Q

where are the pericytes of continuous capillaries

A

In the basal lamina

133
Q

what are pericytes

A

Undeveloped cells to form more endothelial cells or smooth cells

134
Q

ROll of pericytes

A

Aid in growth some contractiong controlled by NO

135
Q

why have fenestrated capillaries

A

help stuff more

136
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

ENdo glands

Sites of fluid and metabolite absorption

137
Q

what also is associated with Fenestrated capillaries

A

Pinocytotic vessels

138
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries foudn

A

in the liver/spleen/bone marrow

139
Q

Size and shape of discontinous capillaries

A

LArge diameter and irregular shape with large fenestration

140
Q

The flow of blood from an arteriole through a capillary network to a postcapillary venule

A

Microcirculation

141
Q

what forms the functional unit of a microcirculatory bed

A

Arteriole, capillary network, and post capillary venule

142
Q

types of Capillary vessels

A

True capillaries

Ateriovenous anastomes/shunts

143
Q

roll of the ateriovenous anastomes/shunts

A

By pass a capillary bed

144
Q

what happens if more precapillary sphincters relax

A

The more blood will pass through the true capillaries in the capillary bed

145
Q

What happens if omre precapillary sphincters contract

A

the more blood will plass through the arteriovenous anastomoses and bypass the true capillaries

146
Q

what is found at the enterence of true cappilaries in the cappilary bed

A

Precapillary sphincters

147
Q

types of VEnules

A

Postcapillary Venule

Muscular venule

148
Q

what makes up the postcapillary venule

A

Endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes

149
Q

what layers does the post capillary venule lack

A

No tunica media and no adventitia

150
Q

what is found in the Muscular Venule that the postcapillary venule

A

A tunica media with 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

Thin Tunica adventita

151
Q

what does the muscular venule lack that the post capillary venule has

A

Pericytes

152
Q

sieze of small veins

A

.1-1 mm

153
Q

size of Medium veins

A

1-10mm

154
Q

size of large veins

A

greater than 10mm

155
Q

what makes up the tunica intima of medium veins

A

Endothelium and basal lamina
Thin subendothelial layer with an occasional smooth muscle cell
also possibly a thin internal elastic emebrane

156
Q

what makes up the tunica media of medium veins

A

Several layers of smooth muscle (generally circular) with interspersedd collagen and elastic fibers

157
Q

size of the tunica adventitia of medium veins

A

Thicker than the intima and media

158
Q

what makes up the tunica adventitia

A

Collagen and networks of elastic fibers

159
Q

what is found in the tunica intima of large veins

A

Endothelium and basal lamina

Thin subendothelial alyers with some smooth muscle

160
Q

size of tunica media of large veins

A

Relatively thin

161
Q

what is found in the tunica media of large veins

A

Circular smooth muscle

162
Q

size of tunica adventitia of large veins

A

THicker than intima and media

163
Q

what is found in the tunica adventia of large veins

A

Collagen and elastic fibers with occasion smooth muscle

164
Q

what veins have valves

A

Those in limbs

165
Q

what makes up the valve of a vein

A

Tunica intima(endothelial cells on a thin layer of connective tissue

anatomy last exam (14 decks)

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