Thinking and Language (Test September 6th, 2024)

Question 1

Thinking

Answer 1

Changing and reorganizing memories to create new information.

Question 2

3 types of thinking

Answer 2

Directed/convergent thinking- Has a goal. Ex. Getting to the answer to a math problem
Divergent thinking- Free-flow thoughts with lots of images and ideas, can be blocked by smartphone use
Metacognition- Planning/thinking about thinking, understanding yourself

Question 3

Image

Answer 3

Language of thinking. Thoughts of pictures and things that can be seen, heard, tasted, smelled

Question 4

Symbol

Answer 4

Language of thinking. An image that represents something more complex.

Question 5

Concept

Answer 5

Language of thinking. Word used for a group of similar things. Ex. Vehichle= car, truck, etc.

Question 6

Prototype

Answer 6

Language of thinking. The first image that comes to mind when picturing a concept.

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

Ways to solve problems. A formula that works every time.

Question 8

Heuristic

Answer 8

Ways to solve problems. Mental shortcut to solution.

Question 9

Insite

Answer 9

Ways to solve problems. The sudden emergence of a solution. Usually happens when you’re thinking about something else.

Question 10

Deduction

Answer 10

Ways to solve problems. Drawing a big conclusion from small details.

Question 11

Syllogism

Answer 11

Ways to solve problems. The theory that if A is true and B is true, C must also be true. Doesn’t always make much sense.

Question 12

Mental set

Answer 12

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Problem-solving strategy becomes a habit and because there seems to be no issue we don’t change to account for new things. A hindrance; we tend to do the same thing that worked last time, so we don’t come up with new ideas and can struggle to adapt to change.

Question 13

Functional fixedness

Answer 13

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Stops you from being inventive because you can’t see a new use for something.

Question 14

Availability heuristic

Answer 14

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. We tend to believe certain things happen more often than they do because the dramatic fails or successes stand out to us more in memory, such as flying on a plane and fearing a crash. Causes us to act irrationally.

Question 15

Overconfidence bias

Answer 15

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Thinking we are better than we actually are. Dunning-Kruger effect

Question 16

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 16

When we first learn something, our confidence goes up, but as we learn more we realize how much we don’t know and it does down. More slowly, confidence goes back up as we truly understand the subject more fully.

Question 17

Irrational prudence

Answer 17

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Even is the chance of success is high, fear of failure stops you from trying.

Question 18

Representative heuristic

Answer 18

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Judging people or situations based on stereotypes.

Question 19

Framing

Answer 19

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. How a problem is presented, can be used to get a certain answer from someone.

Question 20

Confirmation bias

Answer 20

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Only looking at things that prove your opinion.

Question 21

Normalcy fallacy/bias

Answer 21

Obstacles to problem solving/thinking. Believing that because something has never happened, it won’t ever happen. Prevents people from taking precautions.

Question 22

Creativity

Answer 22

Also called recombination. It’s the opposite of fixedness, the ability to use information so the result is original and meaningful/useful. A high intelligence isn’t needed to be creative, but an above-average IQ (around 110) is helpful.

Question 23

Language

Answer 23

Any system of communication, must be built. Ex.
Words- Written and spoken
Body language- Facial expression, etc.
Shorthand- Texting and emojis

Question 24

Phonemes

Answer 24

Sounds made by the human tongue. There are 100 worldwide and 43 in English.

Question 25

Morphemes

Answer 25

The smallest combination of sounds that have actual meaning. Ex. Un-, -ly, -es

Question 26

1st written language

Answer 26

Appears around 3000 BC with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia.

Question 27

Grammar

Answer 27

The rules we use to build/pronounce words.

Question 28

Syntax

Answer 28

Combining words in such a way to produce understandable sentences. Ex. English typically has a subject-verb sentence structure.

Question 29

Semantics

Answer 29

Extracting meaning from language, like when words sound the same but we can tell how they are used through context.

Question 30

Overgeneralization

Answer 30

Lack of knowledge of the exceptions of grammar rules.

Question 31

Noam Chomsky

Answer 31

Studied language and the stages of language development.

Question 32

Stages of language development

Answer 32

1. Crying at birth
2. *Cooing- 2 months, vowel sounds
3. Babbling- 4 months, all sounds
4. *Refined babbling- 9 months, the baby stops using phonemes it doesn’t hear every day
5. Single word- Age 1, projects complete thought with one word
6. Two words- Age 2, subjects and verbs
7. Telegraphic speech- Age 3, no articles (a, an, the)
8. *Complete thought expression- Age 5, average knows 14000 words
9. *Critical period

Question 33

Critical period

Answer 33

For language, it’s around age 7 to 12 and it becomes much harder to learn a language after age 15.

Question 34

Genie Wiley

Answer 34

Feral child- A young individual who was raised isolated from human contact, missing their critical period, and will now never be able to speak fluently.

Question 35

Percentages of how we communicate

Answer 35

Words- 7%
Vocal elements (tone, etc.)- 38%
Nonverbal (body language, gestures, etc.)- 55%

Question 36

Types of body language

Answer 36

Eye contact, body position, gestures and movements, the clothes we wear, etc.

Question 37

What is the universal body language?

Answer 37

Body language is different from culture to time to place, but facial expressions are universal.

Question 38

Enclothed cognition

Answer 38

Clothing plays a big role in how our body language is portrayed. Tells other people your status, character, possibly occupation, etc.

Question 39

How quickly are first impressions made?

Answer 39

Within the first 8 seconds of meeting you, someone will have judged you based on clothing, body language, greeting, handshakes, what you’ve said, etc. and it will stick with them throughout their entire time knowing you.

Question 40

Can language change?

Answer 40

Language is changed, added to, and destroyed all the time for various reasons, sometimes for the government to exercise more control over citizen by literally limiting their word bank, changing the meaning of words such as the word snowflake (not weather), etc.

Question 41

Benjamin Whorf

Answer 41

Studied linguistic relativism/influence- How language affects thoughts and culture. Language and thinking expand and limit each other, as well as influence behavior.

Question 42

Is it possible to think without language?

Answer 42

Yes, through images, but there is no identification through words, and isn’t as useful. Language was created because it’s easier to think and communicate.

Question 43

Why is language important physiologically and socially?

Answer 43

It communicates who we are, not just what we know, through body language, clothing language, and spoken language. Language also makes it easier to lie, so you don’t know who a person truly is until pressure is applied.

Question 44

Broca’s area

Answer 44

The coherent production of speech in the brain. Gets commands from Wernicke’s and provides motor movements to express thoughts. If damaged, one can’t physically communicate but thinks well enough.

Question 45

Wernicke’s area

Answer 45

Speech processing and understanding language. If damaged, one can physically communicate but will think and speak in a nonsensical way.

Question 46

Aphasia

Answer 46

Any impairment of language involving brain damage. Can occur at birth or after.

Question 47

Monster Study

Answer 47

A study done on 22 orphans in Iowa, 1939. Wanted to find out if you could cure stuttering through positive reinforcement and if you could induce it in someone who was normal with similar methods. The result was no cure to stuttering and no created stuttering in those that were normal either. Instead, those who were normal became more withdrawn and worked less productively.