Motivation (Test Jan. 17th, 2025)

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Factors that energize and direct behavior.

Question 2

Biological motivation

Answer 2

Basic human needs and desires.
Safety, hunger, thirst.

Question 3

Social motivation

Answer 3

Basic human needs and desires.
Anger, love, vengeance, sex.

Question 4

Motivations in the real world

Answer 4

Excellence (sports, etc.), consumerism (why people buy what they buy), relationships, martyrism (dying for a cause you believe is greater than yourself), self sacrifice, thrill, etc.

Question 5

Industrial-organizational psychology

Answer 5

Psychological principles in workplace used to solve issues in organizational context.

Question 6

Instinct

Answer 6

Three theories of motivation:
Subconscious, doesn’t need to be taught (sex drive, rooting instinct, etc.). Can work at the same time as drive-reduction.

Question 7

Drive-reduction

Answer 7

Three theories of motivation:
Needs make us driven to maintain homeostasis such as eating to reduce hunger. Primary reinforcers (hunger, thirst) and secondary (money, etc). Can work at the same time as instinct.

Question 8

Insentive

Answer 8

Three theories of motivation:
Anything we try to achieve with out behavior. Better school grade, more money, etc. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Question 9

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 9

Behaviors that allow us to best pass on our genetic code.

Question 10

Self-determination theory

Answer 10

Competence (need to be good at something), autonomy (control over your life), and relatedness (relationships).

Question 11

Personality type T

Answer 11

Thrill seakers/ sensation seaking, searching for novelty/unique/weird things and might get bored in a relationship.

Question 12

Health psychology

Answer 12

Includes hunger as motivation. The study of psychological behavioral process in health, illness, and healthcare.

Question 13

Most important health aspect

Answer 13

Diet

Question 14

Hypothalamus

Answer 14

Regulates and motivates hunger and emotional expression. Connection between eating and emotion.

Question 15

Psychological factors on eating

Answer 15

How society/culture/surroundings effect behavior, effecting what and when you eat.

Question 16

Hunger cues

Answer 16

Smell of food, appearance of food, other people eating, boredom and stress, body image, etc.

Question 17

Pituitary gland

Answer 17

Most gland that produces hormones controlling many bodily functions, transferring signals from the brain. Includes: temperature, stress, growth, pain relief, etc.

Question 18

Ghrelin

Answer 18

Hormone produced by the stomach that activates hunger.

Question 19

Leptin

Answer 19

Hormone produced by fat cells for satiety response to say you’re full, basically the counter of ghrelin.

Question 20

Obesity and BMI

Answer 20

Obesity- Medical condition where body fat accumulates to the point of negative health effects.
BMI- 30 or over is considered obese.

Question 21

Factors that produce obesity

Answer 21

Genetics, diet, exercise level, hormone imbalances, brain chemistry issues, cultural expectations, etc.

Question 22

Irrational positive self-image

Answer 22

It can be just as damaging as a negative self-image. Ex. Those body-positivity people who are literally dying from obesity.

Question 23

Dopamine

Answer 23

1 of 4 chemicals that bring about happiness.
Reward chemical. Eating, achieving a goal, etc.

Question 24

Endorphins

Answer 24

1 of 4 chemicals that bring about happiness.
Painkillers. Exercising, laughing, etc.

Question 25

Oxytocin

Answer 25

1 of 4 chemicals that bring about happiness.
Love hormone. Socializing, petting animals, physical touch, etc.

Question 26

Serotonin

Answer 26

1 of 4 chemicals that bring about happiness.
Mood stabilizer. Sun exposure, mindfulness, nature, etc.

Question 27

Social motives

Answer 27

Learning to want something from watching others, secondary reinforcers. Most common is achievement.

Question 28

Displayed by achievement-driven person

Answer 28

Persistence, competitiveness, a drive for more challenging goals. Is the most common and most effective social motive. More powerful than fear of failure because they will persevere.

Question 29

Displayed by people driven by fear of failure

Answer 29

Is the second most common social motive. They will choose easier tasks or impossible ones (to more easily rationalize and so others won’t judge them for failing). Less powerful. Humiliation is due to failure and therefore a drive.

Question 30

Most common biological motive

Answer 30

Pain avoidance

Question 31

Kurt Lewin

Answer 31

Motivational conflict theory, asks why people choose to do one thing and not the other.

Question 32

Motivational conflict theory

Answer 32

Approach-approach: Choose between two appealing options
Approach-avoidance: Choosing an option that also has drawbacks, like eating junk food
Avoidance-avoidance: Choosing between two unpleasant options, a dilemma

Question 33

Emotion

Answer 33

Arousal provoked by a significant effect.

Question 34

Physical, behavioral, and cognative appraisal components of emotion

Answer 34

Physical- Arousal level, can’t be controlled. Heart rate, breathing, pupillary response, etc.
Behavioral- Owtward expression, can be controlled. Facial expressions, body language, gestures. Sometimes takes people a half second to respond the way they meant to, meaning their flash of initial response is the true one.
Cognitive appraisal- How we interpret the environment. Someone bumps into you and apologizes or glares instead.

Question 35

Display rules

Answer 35

Body language that’s different across cultures. Ex. Thumbs up

Question 36

Elicitor

Answer 36

A factor that triggers emotions.

Question 37

Broaden-and-build theory of emotions

Answer 37

Positive emotions help build more positive social responses while negative emotions reverse this. It can expand your inventory.

Question 38

Universality of facial expressions

Answer 38

Are the same from culture to culture. Anger and rage are the easiest to recognize. Instinctive.

Question 39

Achievement, affiliation, autonomy, and dominance

Answer 39

Achievement- Desire to excel/improve.
Affiliation- Social interaction/acceptance. Ostracism is being outcasted or socially shunned.
Autonomy- Independence and control over your life.
Dominance- Making your own rules and taking leadership roles.

Question 40

Feedback effect

Answer 40

“Fake it till you make it”
Behavioral feedback- Acting as if you feel certain emotions can cause you to actually feel the emotions.
Facial feedback- Forcing facial expressions will give you corresponding feelings.
Can be used for self-therapy and helps with empathy and connecting.

Question 41

Estrogen

Answer 41

Girls are on average more emotionally intelligent than boys because they have more estrogen, while boys have testosterone leading them to be more aggressive.
Estrogen helps produce female physical and mental effects. Hormone levels vary. Females are also more positive while males get angrier easier.

Question 42

Emotions: Envy vs Jealousy

Answer 42

Envy- A desire to have what someone else has.
Jealousy- Fear that someone will take what you have. Not to be confused with territorial and not necessarily insecurity.

Question 43

Emotions: Disgust and fear

Answer 43

Disgust- Learned from 4-8. Varies by culture.
Fear- Unpleasant, caused by a belief that someone or something is dangerous, fearing the unknown. Can be interpreted as pleasurable and thrilling. Can elevate heart rate to dangerous levels and kill.
Phobia- Extreme irrational fear.

Question 44

Amygdala(e)

Answer 44

On either side of the temporal lobe. Part of emotional memory with more primitive emotions like anger, fear, and sex.
Because the frontal lobe is one of the last parts of the brain to fully develop, adolescents judge things more often through the amygdala.

Question 45

Catharsis

Answer 45

Process of relieving stress, providing relief from strong repressed emotions. Not always positive, like if your catharsis is to kick dogs.

Question 46

Spillover effect

Answer 46

Arousal from one event spills over into another, displacement.

Question 47

Arousal

Answer 47

Fules emotion, creates an emotional state, and then cognition channels it.