Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Long-lasting, broad pattern of behavior. Like intelligence, it’s something you’re born with but is molded and changed over your life. Not good or bad, highly genetic unlike character.

Question 2

Character

Answer 2

Is more important than personality. What you’re taught to be and what you decide to display as your values, is moreso your choice. Comes from habits and what you do (how you build it).
Whether character is good or bad is far more important than personality is.

Question 3

Four schools of thought about where personality comes from-

Answer 3

1. Psychodynamic
2. Humanist
3. Trait theory
4. Social cognitive

Question 4

Psychodynamic personality theory

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud
Personality is repressed feelings and memories locked in the unconscious from childhood.
You discover this energy by free association.
This energy is called libido

Question 5

Free association

Answer 5

Psychodynamic personality theory, Freud.
How to discover libido. Dream interpretation, projective tests (not thinking before answering).

Question 6

Libido

Answer 6

Psychodynamic personality theory, Freud.
The energy created by these feelings, positive or negative, in the unconscious from childhood. Not falsifiable.

Question 7

3 sides of personality according to Freud-

Answer 7

Psychodynamic personality theory.
-Id: Bad instincts
-Ego: Reality. Comes from the unconscious, in between the id and superego. Constantly cutting deals with each side.
-Superego: Good morality

Question 8

Persona

Answer 8

A mask we wear for different people and places.

Question 9

Defense mechanism

Answer 9

Ways we behave to protect ourselves from stress (repression, denial, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, projection, and sublimation).

Question 10

Neo-Freudians

Answer 10

They liked what Freud had to say and agreed with him on all but the weird sexual stuff about children.

Question 11

2 major projective personality tests-

Answer 11

Projective tests- Responses are analyzed for unconscious expression.
-Rorschach: Ink blot test
-Thematic apperception test (TAT): Shows pictures, sometimes with people, and you try to describe what you imagine the story behind it would be.

Question 12

Humanistic personality theory

Answer 12

People are basically good and should focus on what is being done right rather than wrong. The only theory where personality can change and grow.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Problem is are people basically good? It can’t assess very well and looks at your self-concept.

Question 13

Carl Rogers

Answer 13

Humanistic personality theory.
Said that your ideal self is brought about by a supportive environment.

Question 14

Abraham Maslow

Answer 14

Humanistic personality theory.
Self-actualization- To make your real self your ideal self.
Came up with the hierarchy of needs.

Question 15

Self-concept

Answer 15

Humanistic personality theory.
Involves four components; self-esteem, body image, role performance, and personal identity. Humanisits want your ideal to overlap with your current self-concept.

Question 16

Trait personality theory

Answer 16

Personality is made of traits (permanent characteristics).
Hans and Sybil Eysneck.

Question 17

Eysnek

Answer 17

Trait personality theory. Hans and Sybil.
Personality registers on two axis of measurement. Traits are a direct result of genetics: introvert vs extrovert and stable vs unstable.

Question 18

The Big Five

Answer 18

Trait personality theory.
We have all to some degree. Anagram is either OCEAN or CANOE.
1. Extraversion- Outgoing
2. Agreeableness- Good-natured
3. Conscientiousness- Organized, disciplined
4. Neuroticism- Emotional stability
5. Openness- Open to change or a slave to routine

Question 19

Problems with assigning specific traits like in The Big Five-

Answer 19

Trait personality theory.
1. We aren’t the same person in every situation
2. People change over time

Question 20

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 20

Humanistic personality theory.
No matter what is said or what you feel, the person/therapist you are talking to should be positive and tell you it’s okay.
Being more likely to view yourself positively.

Question 21

NEO-PI-3

Answer 21

Personality test that uses the 5-factor model (The Big Five) and measures the 6 facets of each 5 personality traits. Would be better than the Myers-Briggs

Question 22

Myers-Briggs

Answer 22

The most popular personality test in the world even if it’s not the most scientific and not as good as the NEO. It is unable to detect mental disorders.

Question 23

Social cognitive theory

Answer 23

Reciprocal determinism- Your thoughts, actions, and surroundings/environment are heavily connected and influenced by one another. All 3 act on each other consistently to form personality.
Albert Bandura.

Question 24

Albert Bandura

Answer 24

Social cognitive theory.
Did the Bobo doll experiment with observational learning.
Said that to predict people we can look at what they’ve done in the past as long as that person and situation remain stable.

Question 25

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 25

Social cognitive theory. Your thoughts, actions, and surroundings/environment are heavily connected and influenced by one another.

Question 26

Self-efficacy

Answer 26

Social cognitive theory. How good we believe we are at certain behaviors, is usually higher than realistic.

Question 27

Self-esteem

Answer 27

Our feelings of self-worth are related to how others view us.

Question 28

Self-respect

Answer 28

Behaving with honor/dignity and expecting to be treated as such by others. What you think of yourself.

Question 29

Self-serving bias

Answer 29

We are ready to perceive ourselves favorably.

Question 30

Spotlight effect

Answer 30

Assuming that people are always watching/evaluating you. Adolescent egocentrism and the imaginary audience.

Question 31

Aggression's effects on self-esteem-

Answer 31

There is a high positive correlation between violent aggression and extremes in self-esteem. When self-esteem is challenged, violence is more likely to occur.

Question 32

MMPI-3

Answer 32

The most common personality test in the business world and clinical settings. It's scientific, has norms, and is representative.

Question 33

Two purposes of corporate personality testing-

Answer 33

1. Results can predict mental issues. 2. Are meant to see if you are a good fit for the job.

Question 34

Physical attractiveness stereotype

Answer 34

Attractive people tend to be seen as smarter, funnier, and more likable than less attractive people.

Question 35

Interviews

Answer 35

Real-world personality tests for employment. In these, the halo effect or reverse-halo/horn effect can happen.

Question 36

Halo effect vs reverse-halo/horn effect

Answer 36

-Halo effect: What-is-good-is-beautiful effect. One positive attribute is interpreted as someone's entire personality, making enclothed cognition very important. -Reverse halo/horn effect: One bad thing becomes someone's entire personality, the opposite of the halo effect.

Question 37

Situational assessments

Answer 37

SSitS. Mainly used for promotions and pay raises. Are usually questionnaires. Social desirability bias can therefore be a problem in these tests.

Question 38

Secretive assessments

Answer 38

These are the best but least ethical and most difficult. Someone performs naturalistic observation, therefore without the subject knowing.

Question 39

P. T. Barnum

Answer 39

Known as "The Greatest Showman", worked in the circus and supposedly said, "There's a sucker born every minute." Had to do with the Barnum/Forer Effect

Question 40

Barnum/Forer Effect

Answer 40

The tendency to apply a positive description to oneself. People believe in positive and generic "personality evaluations" (like in horoscopes) because they want to. It's something made "just for you."