Adolescence to Adulthood Developmental Psychology (Test Wednesday, Dec. 11th, 2024)

Question 1

Stage 5 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

Answer 1

Identity vs role confusion- Childhood to adulthood (11-19). The identity of who you are and what you believe in, begins with sexual maturation/puberty when humans can physically reproduce, adolescent self-esteem includes self-image, etc.

Question 2

Primary and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 2

Primary- Making reproduction physically possible.
Secondary- Indicate sexual maturation but aren’t involved in reproduction.

Question 3

Physical development times

Answer 3

Early: 11-14
Middle: 15-18
Late: 18-21
Early maturing girls become mothers sooner while later maturing boys marry later.

Question 4

Image misconceptions

Answer 4

Women think men find skinny to be more attractive, but studies show that 59% of men preferred size 12, while 2% liked size 6. Studies also show that women prefer good grooming over only athletic body type in men.

Question 5

Body dysmorphia

Answer 5

Causes eating disorders, 90% are female.

Question 6

Bulmia nervosa

Answer 6

Overeating followed by purging. Signs include tooth decay, sore throat, and callused knuckles.

Question 7

Anorexia

Answer 7

When someone simply stops eating and practically starves themselves.

Question 8

Bigorexia

Answer 8

Most commonly in men where an athletic or muscular person thinks that they’re too small or skinny.

Question 9

Things to come out of adolescence with

Answer 9

Physical identity, various social identities, gender role, etc. Most identity comes from friends and social peers at this point.

Question 10

Types of social identity that can come from others-

Answer 10

-Social pressure: Influence with positive outcome. Sports, church, etc.
-Peer pressure: Influence with negative outcome. Drugs, etc.
-Bullying: Influence with no desired outcome. Influence over the target is the main outcome.
-Modeling: Learning through observation with an outcome with no influence, studied by Albert Bandura.

Question 11

Gender identity

Answer 11

-Originally: Genetic gender form birth.
-Currently: The sense of what you are.

Question 12

Gender role

Answer 12

The cultural expectations of a gender.

Question 13

Socialization

Answer 13

The process of learning society’s role/norm for you.

Question 14

Stages of identity development

Answer 14

James Marcia said you are what you do, not what you say you are. The stages are foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievment.

Question 15

Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Foreclosure

Answer 15

Your identity is given to you at a young age and you don’t change who you are. You are what the culture, family, etc says you are.

Question 16

Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Diffusion

Answer 16

You don’t know who you are and don’t came to find out.

Question 17

Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Moratorium

Answer 17

When you try many identities to find one that fits you. It’s only negative if you use it to try and hold off things like adulthood.

Question 18

Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Achievement

Answer 18

The stage you want to be at. When you have explored other selves and are happy/secure with the identity you have found.

Question 19

Gender and aggression in adolescents

Answer 19

Boys tend to be physically aggressive, while girls are more relationally aggressive and emotional.
Social media amplifies negative interactions for both genders. Thoughts can be expressed immediately without reflection and the no face-to-face interaction encourages bullying.

Question 20

Personal fable

Answer 20

Adolescent egocentrism. The belief that you won’t receive consequences and that nobody has been through what you have.

Question 21

Elkind’s imaginary audience

Answer 21

Feeling the spotlight effect on steroids where you think everyone is watching and judging you.

Question 22

Social clock

Answer 22

The culturally preferred time for transition events like marriage and kids. Every culture is different.

Question 23

Stage 6 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

Answer 23

Intimacy vs isolation- Early adulthood (20-39). Finding someone to share your identity with, when your personality solidifies.

Question 24

Incel culture

Answer 24

Involuntary celibate with little perceived hope of ever being in a meaningful relationship, almost completely in males. Results in higher violence, lower birth rate, lower national productivity, etc.

Question 25

Marriage

Answer 25

For early adults, career and marriage are the two main concerns.
10% of families are a married couple with kids where only the father works.
45% of 1st marriages end in divorce, whereas the 2nd marriage is 25%.
Most divorces are filed within the first 6-7 years.
In divorce, 90% of the time the children will go with the mother.
Couples who live together before getting married often divorce more.
Women initiate divorce more often than men and tend to be happier afterward. Men tend to get depression and it hits them harder.

Question 26

Stage 7 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

Answer 26

Generativity vs stagnation- Middle adulthood (40-59). Am I doing something meaningful? Can I correct my mistakes? If they can’t say they made a good family, built something to last, etc, they experience stagnation.

Question 27

Each gender focus during early life vs later

Answer 27

Early in life women focus more on family while men work, while mid-life they switch. In your 40’s, material satisfaction reaches a low.

Question 28

Empty-nest syndrome

Answer 28

Grief and lonliness when all children move out. Not a clinicle condition and is very rare, so it won’t be much to worry about.

Question 29

Menopause

Answer 29

When a woman doesn’t menstruate for 12 months straight and can no longer produce eggs and reproduce. It can cause depression and grief, but most women are simply glad to be over with it.

Question 30

Sex characteristics and puberty

Answer 30

-Menarche: Female begins to produce eggs each month.
-Spermarche: Male begins to produce sperm cells.

Question 31

Peak misery

Answer 31

Peak misery is at about 47.

Question 32

Coefficient N

Answer 32

Equals the population in an experiment

Question 33

Infidelity

Answer 33

Cheating in a relational sense. Is the #4 reason for divorce for women. 20% of males and 13% of females cheat. During 18-19, females cheat slightly more, but at all other times men cheat more.

Question 34

Stage 8 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

Answer 34

Ego-integrity vs despair. Years 60+. Mood becomes less extreme and enduring, looking back at life and being happy/proud (ego-integrity) or regretting things (despair), coming to terms with the end of life.

Question 35

Life expectancy

Answer 35

Men=75, women=80. The places with the longest life expectancy are Japan and Westernized countries. The lowest are places in Central Africa.

Question 36

Senile dementia (Alzheimer’s)

Answer 36

A brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, basic ability for simple tasks, eventually leading to death. Caused by a lack of neurotransmitters that tell brain cells to fire.

Question 37

Intelligence changes with age

Answer 37

-Fluid intelligence: Ability to think quickly and abstractly, better with younger minds.
-Crystalized intelligence- Accuminalted verbal skills and knowledge, better with older minds.

Question 38

Physical changes with age

Answer 38

Senses like smell, sight, and hearing deteriorate. The immune system gets stronger against bacteria and viruses because of more exposure.

Question 39

3 main things faced by the elderly

Answer 39

-Retirement: Having to work longer
-Isolation/bereavement: Losing loves ones and moving into retirement homes.
-Achievement: Still being able to accomplish things, having led a good life.

Question 40

Thanatology

Answer 40

The study of death

Question 41

Intentional death

Answer 41

-Euthanasia: Deliberate death from a 3rd-party designed to put someone out of their misery.
-Assisted suicide: A doctor presides over the patient’s death. In the US, 7 states have made this legal.

Question 42

Elisabeth Kubler Ross

Answer 42

Ross stages of grief:
1- Shock and denial at the beginning of the integration of change, uses a higher amount of energy.
2- Anger uses less energy than shock and denial.
3- Bargaining uses less energy than anger.
4- Depression uses the least amount of energy
5- Acceptance takes energy closer to the level of shock and denial at the beginning and is at the end of the integration of change.

Question 43

Hospice

Answer 43

Someone who knows they are going to die and no longer responds to treatment (terminally ill) is placed in hospice care.