Adolescence to Adulthood Developmental Psychology (Test Wednesday, Dec. 11th, 2024) Flashcards
Stage 5 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Identity vs role confusion- Childhood to adulthood (11-19). The identity of who you are and what you believe in, begins with sexual maturation/puberty when humans can physically reproduce, adolescent self-esteem includes self-image, etc.
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Primary- Making reproduction physically possible.
Secondary- Indicate sexual maturation but aren’t involved in reproduction.
Physical development times
Early: 11-14
Middle: 15-18
Late: 18-21
Early maturing girls become mothers sooner while later maturing boys marry later.
Image misconceptions
Women think men find skinny to be more attractive, but studies show that 59% of men preferred size 12, while 2% liked size 6. Studies also show that women prefer good grooming over only athletic body type in men.
Body dysmorphia
Causes eating disorders, 90% are female.
Bulmia nervosa
Overeating followed by purging. Signs include tooth decay, sore throat, and callused knuckles.
Anorexia
When someone simply stops eating and practically starves themselves.
Bigorexia
Most commonly in men where an athletic or muscular person thinks that they’re too small or skinny.
Things to come out of adolescence with
Physical identity, various social identities, gender role, etc. Most identity comes from friends and social peers at this point.
Types of social identity that can come from others-
-Social pressure: Influence with positive outcome. Sports, church, etc.
-Peer pressure: Influence with negative outcome. Drugs, etc.
-Bullying: Influence with no desired outcome. Influence over the target is the main outcome.
-Modeling: Learning through observation with an outcome with no influence, studied by Albert Bandura.
Gender identity
-Originally: Genetic gender form birth.
-Currently: The sense of what you are.
Gender role
The cultural expectations of a gender.
Socialization
The process of learning society’s role/norm for you.
Stages of identity development
James Marcia said you are what you do, not what you say you are. The stages are foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievment.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Foreclosure
Your identity is given to you at a young age and you don’t change who you are. You are what the culture, family, etc says you are.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Diffusion
You don’t know who you are and don’t came to find out.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Moratorium
When you try many identities to find one that fits you. It’s only negative if you use it to try and hold off things like adulthood.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Achievement
The stage you want to be at. When you have explored other selves and are happy/secure with the identity you have found.
Gender and aggression in adolescents
Boys tend to be physically aggressive, while girls are more relationally aggressive and emotional.
Social media amplifies negative interactions for both genders. Thoughts can be expressed immediately without reflection and the no face-to-face interaction encourages bullying.
Personal fable
Adolescent egocentrism. The belief that you won’t receive consequences and that nobody has been through what you have.
Elkind’s imaginary audience
Feeling the spotlight effect on steroids where you think everyone is watching and judging you.
Social clock
The culturally preferred time for transition events like marriage and kids. Every culture is different.
Stage 6 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Intimacy vs isolation- Early adulthood (20-39). Finding someone to share your identity with, when your personality solidifies.
Incel culture
Involuntary celibate with little perceived hope of ever being in a meaningful relationship, almost completely in males. Results in higher violence, lower birth rate, lower national productivity, etc.
