Adolescence to Adulthood Developmental Psychology (Test Wednesday, Dec. 11th, 2024) Flashcards
Stage 5 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Identity vs role confusion- Childhood to adulthood (11-19). The identity of who you are and what you believe in, begins with sexual maturation/puberty when humans can physically reproduce, adolescent self-esteem includes self-image, etc.
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Primary- Making reproduction physically possible.
Secondary- Indicate sexual maturation but aren’t involved in reproduction.
Physical development times
Early: 11-14
Middle: 15-18
Late: 18-21
Early maturing girls become mothers sooner while later maturing boys marry later.
Image misconceptions
Women think men find skinny to be more attractive, but studies show that 59% of men preferred size 12, while 2% liked size 6. Studies also show that women prefer good grooming over only athletic body type in men.
Body dysmorphia
Causes eating disorders, 90% are female.
Bulmia nervosa
Overeating followed by purging. Signs include tooth decay, sore throat, and callused knuckles.
Anorexia
When someone simply stops eating and practically starves themselves.
Bigorexia
Most commonly in men where an athletic or muscular person thinks that they’re too small or skinny.
Things to come out of adolescence with
Physical identity, various social identities, gender role, etc. Most identity comes from friends and social peers at this point.
Types of social identity that can come from others-
-Social pressure: Influence with positive outcome. Sports, church, etc.
-Peer pressure: Influence with negative outcome. Drugs, etc.
-Bullying: Influence with no desired outcome. Influence over the target is the main outcome.
-Modeling: Learning through observation with an outcome with no influence, studied by Albert Bandura.
Gender identity
-Originally: Genetic gender form birth.
-Currently: The sense of what you are.
Gender role
The cultural expectations of a gender.
Socialization
The process of learning society’s role/norm for you.
Stages of identity development
James Marcia said you are what you do, not what you say you are. The stages are foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievment.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Foreclosure
Your identity is given to you at a young age and you don’t change who you are. You are what the culture, family, etc says you are.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Diffusion
You don’t know who you are and don’t came to find out.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Moratorium
When you try many identities to find one that fits you. It’s only negative if you use it to try and hold off things like adulthood.
Stages of identity development (James Marcia)- Achievement
The stage you want to be at. When you have explored other selves and are happy/secure with the identity you have found.
Gender and aggression in adolescents
Boys tend to be physically aggressive, while girls are more relationally aggressive and emotional.
Social media amplifies negative interactions for both genders. Thoughts can be expressed immediately without reflection and the no face-to-face interaction encourages bullying.
Personal fable
Adolescent egocentrism. The belief that you won’t receive consequences and that nobody has been through what you have.
Elkind’s imaginary audience
Feeling the spotlight effect on steroids where you think everyone is watching and judging you.
Social clock
The culturally preferred time for transition events like marriage and kids. Every culture is different.
Stage 6 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Intimacy vs isolation- Early adulthood (20-39). Finding someone to share your identity with, when your personality solidifies.
Incel culture
Involuntary celibate with little perceived hope of ever being in a meaningful relationship, almost completely in males. Results in higher violence, lower birth rate, lower national productivity, etc.
Marriage
For early adults, career and marriage are the two main concerns.
10% of families are a married couple with kids where only the father works.
45% of 1st marriages end in divorce, whereas the 2nd marriage is 25%.
Most divorces are filed within the first 6-7 years.
In divorce, 90% of the time the children will go with the mother.
Couples who live together before getting married often divorce more.
Women initiate divorce more often than men and tend to be happier afterward. Men tend to get depression and it hits them harder.
Stage 7 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Generativity vs stagnation- Middle adulthood (40-59). Am I doing something meaningful? Can I correct my mistakes? If they can’t say they made a good family, built something to last, etc, they experience stagnation.
Each gender focus during early life vs later
Early in life women focus more on family while men work, while mid-life they switch. In your 40’s, material satisfaction reaches a low.
Empty-nest syndrome
Grief and lonliness when all children move out. Not a clinicle condition and is very rare, so it won’t be much to worry about.
Menopause
When a woman doesn’t menstruate for 12 months straight and can no longer produce eggs and reproduce. It can cause depression and grief, but most women are simply glad to be over with it.
Sex characteristics and puberty
-Menarche: Female begins to produce eggs each month.
-Spermarche: Male begins to produce sperm cells.
Peak misery
Peak misery is at about 47.
Coefficient N
Equals the population in an experiment
Infidelity
Cheating in a relational sense. Is the #4 reason for divorce for women. 20% of males and 13% of females cheat. During 18-19, females cheat slightly more, but at all other times men cheat more.
Stage 8 of psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)
Ego-integrity vs despair. Years 60+. Mood becomes less extreme and enduring, looking back at life and being happy/proud (ego-integrity) or regretting things (despair), coming to terms with the end of life.
Life expectancy
Men=75, women=80. The places with the longest life expectancy are Japan and Westernized countries. The lowest are places in Central Africa.
Senile dementia (Alzheimer’s)
A brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, basic ability for simple tasks, eventually leading to death. Caused by a lack of neurotransmitters that tell brain cells to fire.
Intelligence changes with age
-Fluid intelligence: Ability to think quickly and abstractly, better with younger minds.
-Crystalized intelligence- Accuminalted verbal skills and knowledge, better with older minds.
Physical changes with age
Senses like smell, sight, and hearing deteriorate. The immune system gets stronger against bacteria and viruses because of more exposure.
3 main things faced by the elderly
-Retirement: Having to work longer
-Isolation/bereavement: Losing loves ones and moving into retirement homes.
-Achievement: Still being able to accomplish things, having led a good life.
Thanatology
The study of death
Intentional death
-Euthanasia: Deliberate death from a 3rd-party designed to put someone out of their misery.
-Assisted suicide: A doctor presides over the patient’s death. In the US, 7 states have made this legal.
Elisabeth Kubler Ross
Ross stages of grief:
1- Shock and denial at the beginning of the integration of change, uses a higher amount of energy.
2- Anger uses less energy than shock and denial.
3- Bargaining uses less energy than anger.
4- Depression uses the least amount of energy
5- Acceptance takes energy closer to the level of shock and denial at the beginning and is at the end of the integration of change.
Hospice
Someone who knows they are going to die and no longer responds to treatment (terminally ill) is placed in hospice care.
