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AP Psychology > Midterm Review (Exam Tuesday, Dec. 17th, 2024) > Flashcards

Midterm Review (Exam Tuesday, Dec. 17th, 2024) Flashcards

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1
Q

Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

A

Learning Unit:
Intrinsic- Doing something because you enjoy it and find reward from the activity itself.
Extrinsic- Doing something only for a prize outside of the activity.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning Unit:
A stimulus is connected to/creates a response without thought.

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3
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning Unit:
Learning that actions have consequences with rewards and punishments.

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4
Q

Modeling

A

Learning Unit:
Watching someone to learn from and imitate their behaviors, typically used in new situations.

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5
Q

Reinforcement

A

Learning Unit:
A consequence that is enough to change a behavior, different for everyone.

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6
Q

Learning

A

Learning Unit:
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

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7
Q

Punishment

A

Learning Unit:
Decreases behavior by applying a consequence.

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8
Q

Overjustification

A

Learning Unit:
An expected incentive can decrease motivation to perform a task because people can get bored.

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Learning Unit:
Response stops when there is no longer an association.

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10
Q

Shaping

A

Learning Unit:
Rewarding subjects as they get closer to the desired effect.

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11
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning Unit:
Learning without trying to learn or knowing that learning has occurred.

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
The rapid eye movement stage of sleep when dreams occur.

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13
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
The 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.

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14
Q

Consciousness

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Awareness of your surroundings.

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15
Q

Subconsciousness

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Pre-consciousness. Memories and stored knowledge.

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16
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Mind-altering drugs that change mood, perception, and/or behavior.

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17
Q

Addiction

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
No longer being able to control how much or how often you take a drug.

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18
Q

Stimulant

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Increases energy and alertness. Includes nicotine, cocaine/crack, meth, pervitin, etc.

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19
Q

Depressant

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Lower inhibitions (judgement) and permanent damage to developing brains. Includes tranquilizers, sleeping pills, alcohol, etc.

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20
Q

Hallucinogentic

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Psychedelic drugs. Causes visual and auditory hallucinations. Includes LSD, ecstasy, etc.

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21
Q

Hypnosis

A

Altered states of consciousness unit:
Involves focus and reduces peripheral awareness used for suggestion only if you are willing.

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22
Q

Operational defenition

A

Unit zero:
A definition specific to the experiment.

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23
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Unit zero:
Observing individuals over a long period of time/lifetime.

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24
Q

Independent study

A

Unit zero:
What you change, not the results.

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25
Q

Statistically signifigant

A

Unit zero:
Variable is P. Anything above 5% (0.05). Lower than this number wouldn’t be significant and is by chance.

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26
Q

Control group

A

Unit zero:
The baseline group with no changes.

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27
Q

Positive correlation

A

Unit zero:
When one result goes up and the other does too, and vice versa.

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28
Q

Falsafiability

A

Unit zero:
Something must be able to be proven true or false.

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29
Q

Confounding variable

A

Unit zero:
A 3rd factor that can cause errors by effecting the independent and dependent variables, can be known as the 3rd body problem.

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30
Q

Representative sample

A

Unit zero:
Subset of a population that represents the characteristics of a larger group such as keeping the correct percentages of different types of people.

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31
Q

Generalizability

A

Unit zero:
A measure of how useful a study is to be applied to the whole population.

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32
Q

Case study

A

Unit zero:
An intensive study of one person or a small group.

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33
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Unit zero:
Studying with only observation, no manipulation

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34
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Unit zero:
Answering in a way someone thinks will look better to others, such as in a survey.

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35
Q

Placebo effect

A

Unit zero:
Effect created by a person’s beliefs.

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36
Q

Dependent variables

A

Unit zero:
The results that are effected by the independent variable, is being tested.

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37
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Unit zero:
Finding evidence that specifically proves your predetermined belief.

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38
Q

Stressor

A

Stress reaction unit:
Anything that causes stress. A minor stressor is called a hassle.

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39
Q

GAS

A

Stress reaction unit:
General adaptation syndrome, studied by Dr. Hans Selye. Includes alarm, resistance, and fatigue.

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40
Q

Distress/eustress

A

Stress reaction unit:
Distress- Overwhelming or threatening
Eustress- Challenging yet rewarding

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41
Q

Type A/Type B personalities

A

Stress reaction unit:
Type A- Short tempered, ambitious, competitive, impatient.
Type B- Easy-going, social, procrastinator, creative.

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42
Q

Adrenaline

A

Stress reaction unit:
Epinephrine from the adrenal gland, hormone and neurotransmitter, increases performance and alertness, but comes with a price.

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43
Q

The five responses to a threat

A

Stress reaction unit:
Fight, flight, fawn, flop, and freeze.

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44
Q

Sublimation

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Taking something negative and going something positive instead.

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45
Q

Regression

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Acting younger to avoid current age stress and responsibility.

46
Q

Reaction formation

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Expressing the opposite of how we really feel.

47
Q

Displacement

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Transferring feelings of anxiety to something less threatening.

48
Q

Rationalization

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Making excesses and is the most common defense mechanism.

49
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Stress reaction unit:
Stress correlating to performance in a bell curve.

50
Q

Projection

A

Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Placing your own thoughts and feelings in other people.

51
Q

Echoic/iconic

A

Memory unit:
Echoic- Hearing memory that lasts for 4 seconds
Iconic- Vision memory that lasts for 1 second.

52
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Memory unit:
Giving something with no meaning meaning.

53
Q

Serial position effect

A

Memory unit:
Remembering the top and bottom of a list better. Primacy (first item) and recency (last item) effects.

54
Q

Implicit/explicit memories

A

Memory unit:
Implicit- They don’t need direct thought (subconscious).
Explicit- Conscious memories you can recall.

55
Q

Anterograde/retrograde

A

Memory unit:
Types of amnesia.
Anterograde- You can’t form new memories.
Retrograde- Loosing old memories.

56
Q

Recognition/recall

A

Memory unit:
Recognition- Having cues and recognizing an answer.
Recall- Relying only on memory.

57
Q

Overlearning

A

Memory unit:
Frequent rehearsal leading to automaticity where you don’t have to think about something to do it.

58
Q

Cue

A

Memory unit:
A clue to help trigger priming.

59
Q

Mnemonic device

A

Memory unit:
Giving something meaning so you’re more likely to remember it.

60
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory unit:
The part of the brain responsible for explicit memories, not fully developed until age three.

61
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Memory unit:
The retrieval of old memories is blocked by new ones, the opposite of proactive.

62
Q

Algorithm

A

Thinking and language unit:
Way to solve a problem. A formula that works every time.

63
Q

Heuristic

A

Thinking and language unit:
Way to solve a problem. Mental shortcut to a solution.

64
Q

Framing

A

Thinking and language unit:
Obstacles of problem solving. How a problem is presented and can be used manipulatively.

65
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Thinking and language unit:
Body language, gestures, clothing, etc.

66
Q

Prototype

A

Thinking and language unit:
The first image that appears when picturing a concept.

67
Q

Phoneme

A

Thinking and language unit:
Sounds made by the human tongue. 100 worldwide, 43 and English.

68
Q

Babbling

A

Thinking and language unit:
Stage of language development at 4 months where the baby uses/experiments with all sounds.

69
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Thinking and language unit:
Unable to see a new use for something, blocks innovation.

70
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Thinking and language unit:
Believing that things happen more often then they do. Ex. Plane crashes.

71
Q

Irrational prudence

A

Thinking and language unit:
Fear of failure stops you from trying even if the chance of success is high.

72
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking and language unit:
Planning/thinking about thinking, understanding yourself.

73
Q

Semantics

A

Thinking and language unit:
Extracting meaning from language like with context.

74
Q

Scaffolding

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Building off of knowledge to help a student learn what’s within their range.

75
Q

Ecological systems theory

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
We encounter different environments throughout life that influence our cognitive growth.

76
Q

Attachment

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Humans attach by building relationships. Responsive mothers create secure attachment.

77
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Enforces rules but with a relationship.

78
Q

Parallel play

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Children playing in the same proximity, but not together. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

79
Q

Conservation

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Even if an object changes shape, it holds the same properties. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

80
Q

Maturation

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Human’s natural automatic mental and physical development.

81
Q

Object permanence

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Knowing something exists even when you can’t see it. Birth to 18 months during the sensorimotor skills stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

82
Q

Reversability

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Seeing relationships from other angles. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

83
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Child developmental psychology unit:
Sees thing as very literal, begins to understand other perspectives. 7-11 years during the third stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

84
Q

Personal fable

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Belief that someone won’t receive consequences and that their situation is unique. Adolescent egocentrism.

85
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Accumulated verbal skills and knowledge that increases with age.

86
Q

Diffusion identity stage

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Erik Erikson’s stage 5 of stages of psychosocial development. Identity (who you are, beliefs) vs role confusion. Beings with maturation/puberty, 11-19 years.

87
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Make reproduction physically possible. Secondary characteristics simply indicate sexual maturation but not involved in reproduction.

88
Q

Gender identity

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Originally your genetic gender, currently a sense of who you are.

89
Q

Gender role

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Cultural expectations of a gender.

90
Q

Menopause

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
When menstruation stops for 12 months straight and a woman no longer produces eggs. Can cause grief but not usually.

91
Q

Bulimia

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Overeating followed by purging. It’s hard to detect and causes rotting teeth, callused knuckles, etc.

92
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Senile dementia. Brian disorder slowly destroys memory and thinking skills until death. Caused by a lack of neurotransmitters that make brain cells fire.

93
Q

Generativity

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Erik Erikson’s stage 7 of psychosocial stages of development. Generativity vs stagnation. Am I doing something good with my life? Age 40-59.

94
Q

Social clock

A

Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
The culturally preferred transition time for events like marriage, etc. Every culture is different.

95
Q

Carl Jung

A

Studied consciousness and believes in the collective unconscious of inherited memory.

96
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Used operant conditioning chamber to teach rats to press a level with positive or negative reinforcement.

97
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Used classical conditioning to teach dogs to drool at the sound of a bell.

98
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Studied false memories and how they’re suggestive and malleable.

99
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

The forgetting curve- You learn something, retention drop, then levels off. A memory becomes relatively permanent after three years.

100
Q

John B. Watson

A

Conditioned Little Albert to fear small animals with classical conditioning and stimulus generalization.

101
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Experimented on children and saw that if they viewed an adult being violent, they were more likely to be as well. Bobo doll experiment.

102
Q

Hans Selye

A

Developed the general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, and fatigue).

103
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Came up with the laws of learning: readiness, exercise, and effect.

104
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Studied learned helplessness by putting dogs in electric cages.

105
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Studied language, grammar, and the stages of language development.

106
Q

George Miller

A

Said you can hold 7 + or - 2 pieces of information in our short-term memory for 30 seconds.

107
Q

Jean Piaget

A

4 stages of cognitive ability where mental progression is making sense of new experiences.

108
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Developed the sociocultural theory using scaffolding and zone of proximal development in education.

109
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

Linguistic-relativism/influence- How language and thinking influence/limit each other.

110
Q

James Marcia

A

Stages of identity development. Your choices are who you are, not what you say you are.

111
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial development where each stage of life has something we need to learn.

112
Q

The Harlows

A

Used Rhesus monkeys to see if the babies would prefer the cloth surrogate mother or the wire one with milk.

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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