Midterm Review (Exam Tuesday, Dec. 17th, 2024) Flashcards
Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
Learning Unit:
Intrinsic- Doing something because you enjoy it and find reward from the activity itself.
Extrinsic- Doing something only for a prize outside of the activity.
Classical conditioning
Learning Unit:
A stimulus is connected to/creates a response without thought.
Operant conditioning
Learning Unit:
Learning that actions have consequences with rewards and punishments.
Modeling
Learning Unit:
Watching someone to learn from and imitate their behaviors, typically used in new situations.
Reinforcement
Learning Unit:
A consequence that is enough to change a behavior, different for everyone.
Learning
Learning Unit:
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Punishment
Learning Unit:
Decreases behavior by applying a consequence.
Overjustification
Learning Unit:
An expected incentive can decrease motivation to perform a task because people can get bored.
Extinction
Learning Unit:
Response stops when there is no longer an association.
Shaping
Learning Unit:
Rewarding subjects as they get closer to the desired effect.
Latent learning
Learning Unit:
Learning without trying to learn or knowing that learning has occurred.
REM sleep
Altered states of consciousness unit:
The rapid eye movement stage of sleep when dreams occur.
Circadian rhythm
Altered states of consciousness unit:
The 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.
Consciousness
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Awareness of your surroundings.
Subconsciousness
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Pre-consciousness. Memories and stored knowledge.
Psychoactive drugs
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Mind-altering drugs that change mood, perception, and/or behavior.
Addiction
Altered states of consciousness unit:
No longer being able to control how much or how often you take a drug.
Stimulant
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Increases energy and alertness. Includes nicotine, cocaine/crack, meth, pervitin, etc.
Depressant
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Lower inhibitions (judgement) and permanent damage to developing brains. Includes tranquilizers, sleeping pills, alcohol, etc.
Hallucinogentic
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Psychedelic drugs. Causes visual and auditory hallucinations. Includes LSD, ecstasy, etc.
Hypnosis
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Involves focus and reduces peripheral awareness used for suggestion only if you are willing.
Operational defenition
Unit zero:
A definition specific to the experiment.
Longitudinal study
Unit zero:
Observing individuals over a long period of time/lifetime.
Independent study
Unit zero:
What you change, not the results.