Midterm Review (Exam Tuesday, Dec. 17th, 2024) Flashcards
Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
Learning Unit:
Intrinsic- Doing something because you enjoy it and find reward from the activity itself.
Extrinsic- Doing something only for a prize outside of the activity.
Classical conditioning
Learning Unit:
A stimulus is connected to/creates a response without thought.
Operant conditioning
Learning Unit:
Learning that actions have consequences with rewards and punishments.
Modeling
Learning Unit:
Watching someone to learn from and imitate their behaviors, typically used in new situations.
Reinforcement
Learning Unit:
A consequence that is enough to change a behavior, different for everyone.
Learning
Learning Unit:
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Punishment
Learning Unit:
Decreases behavior by applying a consequence.
Overjustification
Learning Unit:
An expected incentive can decrease motivation to perform a task because people can get bored.
Extinction
Learning Unit:
Response stops when there is no longer an association.
Shaping
Learning Unit:
Rewarding subjects as they get closer to the desired effect.
Latent learning
Learning Unit:
Learning without trying to learn or knowing that learning has occurred.
REM sleep
Altered states of consciousness unit:
The rapid eye movement stage of sleep when dreams occur.
Circadian rhythm
Altered states of consciousness unit:
The 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.
Consciousness
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Awareness of your surroundings.
Subconsciousness
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Pre-consciousness. Memories and stored knowledge.
Psychoactive drugs
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Mind-altering drugs that change mood, perception, and/or behavior.
Addiction
Altered states of consciousness unit:
No longer being able to control how much or how often you take a drug.
Stimulant
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Increases energy and alertness. Includes nicotine, cocaine/crack, meth, pervitin, etc.
Depressant
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Lower inhibitions (judgement) and permanent damage to developing brains. Includes tranquilizers, sleeping pills, alcohol, etc.
Hallucinogentic
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Psychedelic drugs. Causes visual and auditory hallucinations. Includes LSD, ecstasy, etc.
Hypnosis
Altered states of consciousness unit:
Involves focus and reduces peripheral awareness used for suggestion only if you are willing.
Operational defenition
Unit zero:
A definition specific to the experiment.
Longitudinal study
Unit zero:
Observing individuals over a long period of time/lifetime.
Independent study
Unit zero:
What you change, not the results.
Statistically signifigant
Unit zero:
Variable is P. Anything above 5% (0.05). Lower than this number wouldn’t be significant and is by chance.
Control group
Unit zero:
The baseline group with no changes.
Positive correlation
Unit zero:
When one result goes up and the other does too, and vice versa.
Falsafiability
Unit zero:
Something must be able to be proven true or false.
Confounding variable
Unit zero:
A 3rd factor that can cause errors by effecting the independent and dependent variables, can be known as the 3rd body problem.
Representative sample
Unit zero:
Subset of a population that represents the characteristics of a larger group such as keeping the correct percentages of different types of people.
Generalizability
Unit zero:
A measure of how useful a study is to be applied to the whole population.
Case study
Unit zero:
An intensive study of one person or a small group.
Naturalistic observation
Unit zero:
Studying with only observation, no manipulation
Social desirability bias
Unit zero:
Answering in a way someone thinks will look better to others, such as in a survey.
Placebo effect
Unit zero:
Effect created by a person’s beliefs.
Dependent variables
Unit zero:
The results that are effected by the independent variable, is being tested.
Confirmation bias
Unit zero:
Finding evidence that specifically proves your predetermined belief.
Stressor
Stress reaction unit:
Anything that causes stress. A minor stressor is called a hassle.
GAS
Stress reaction unit:
General adaptation syndrome, studied by Dr. Hans Selye. Includes alarm, resistance, and fatigue.
Distress/eustress
Stress reaction unit:
Distress- Overwhelming or threatening
Eustress- Challenging yet rewarding
Type A/Type B personalities
Stress reaction unit:
Type A- Short tempered, ambitious, competitive, impatient.
Type B- Easy-going, social, procrastinator, creative.
Adrenaline
Stress reaction unit:
Epinephrine from the adrenal gland, hormone and neurotransmitter, increases performance and alertness, but comes with a price.
The five responses to a threat
Stress reaction unit:
Fight, flight, fawn, flop, and freeze.
Sublimation
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Taking something negative and going something positive instead.
Regression
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Acting younger to avoid current age stress and responsibility.
Reaction formation
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Expressing the opposite of how we really feel.
Displacement
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Transferring feelings of anxiety to something less threatening.
Rationalization
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Making excesses and is the most common defense mechanism.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Stress reaction unit:
Stress correlating to performance in a bell curve.
Projection
Stress reaction unit:
Defense mechanism. Placing your own thoughts and feelings in other people.
Echoic/iconic
Memory unit:
Echoic- Hearing memory that lasts for 4 seconds
Iconic- Vision memory that lasts for 1 second.
Semantic encoding
Memory unit:
Giving something with no meaning meaning.
Serial position effect
Memory unit:
Remembering the top and bottom of a list better. Primacy (first item) and recency (last item) effects.
Implicit/explicit memories
Memory unit:
Implicit- They don’t need direct thought (subconscious).
Explicit- Conscious memories you can recall.
Anterograde/retrograde
Memory unit:
Types of amnesia.
Anterograde- You can’t form new memories.
Retrograde- Loosing old memories.
Recognition/recall
Memory unit:
Recognition- Having cues and recognizing an answer.
Recall- Relying only on memory.
Overlearning
Memory unit:
Frequent rehearsal leading to automaticity where you don’t have to think about something to do it.
Cue
Memory unit:
A clue to help trigger priming.
Mnemonic device
Memory unit:
Giving something meaning so you’re more likely to remember it.
Hippocampus
Memory unit:
The part of the brain responsible for explicit memories, not fully developed until age three.
Retroactive interference
Memory unit:
The retrieval of old memories is blocked by new ones, the opposite of proactive.
Algorithm
Thinking and language unit:
Way to solve a problem. A formula that works every time.
Heuristic
Thinking and language unit:
Way to solve a problem. Mental shortcut to a solution.
Framing
Thinking and language unit:
Obstacles of problem solving. How a problem is presented and can be used manipulatively.
Nonverbal communication
Thinking and language unit:
Body language, gestures, clothing, etc.
Prototype
Thinking and language unit:
The first image that appears when picturing a concept.
Phoneme
Thinking and language unit:
Sounds made by the human tongue. 100 worldwide, 43 and English.
Babbling
Thinking and language unit:
Stage of language development at 4 months where the baby uses/experiments with all sounds.
Functional fixedness
Thinking and language unit:
Unable to see a new use for something, blocks innovation.
Availability heuristic
Thinking and language unit:
Believing that things happen more often then they do. Ex. Plane crashes.
Irrational prudence
Thinking and language unit:
Fear of failure stops you from trying even if the chance of success is high.
Metacognition
Thinking and language unit:
Planning/thinking about thinking, understanding yourself.
Semantics
Thinking and language unit:
Extracting meaning from language like with context.
Scaffolding
Child developmental psychology unit:
Building off of knowledge to help a student learn what’s within their range.
Ecological systems theory
Child developmental psychology unit:
We encounter different environments throughout life that influence our cognitive growth.
Attachment
Child developmental psychology unit:
Humans attach by building relationships. Responsive mothers create secure attachment.
Authoritative parenting
Child developmental psychology unit:
Enforces rules but with a relationship.
Parallel play
Child developmental psychology unit:
Children playing in the same proximity, but not together. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
Conservation
Child developmental psychology unit:
Even if an object changes shape, it holds the same properties. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
Maturation
Child developmental psychology unit:
Human’s natural automatic mental and physical development.
Object permanence
Child developmental psychology unit:
Knowing something exists even when you can’t see it. Birth to 18 months during the sensorimotor skills stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
Reversability
Child developmental psychology unit:
Seeing relationships from other angles. 2-7 years during the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
Concrete operational stage
Child developmental psychology unit:
Sees thing as very literal, begins to understand other perspectives. 7-11 years during the third stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.
Personal fable
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Belief that someone won’t receive consequences and that their situation is unique. Adolescent egocentrism.
Crystallized intelligence
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Accumulated verbal skills and knowledge that increases with age.
Diffusion identity stage
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Erik Erikson’s stage 5 of stages of psychosocial development. Identity (who you are, beliefs) vs role confusion. Beings with maturation/puberty, 11-19 years.
Primary sex characteristics
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Make reproduction physically possible. Secondary characteristics simply indicate sexual maturation but not involved in reproduction.
Gender identity
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Originally your genetic gender, currently a sense of who you are.
Gender role
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Cultural expectations of a gender.
Menopause
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
When menstruation stops for 12 months straight and a woman no longer produces eggs. Can cause grief but not usually.
Bulimia
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Overeating followed by purging. It’s hard to detect and causes rotting teeth, callused knuckles, etc.
Alzheimer’s disease
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Senile dementia. Brian disorder slowly destroys memory and thinking skills until death. Caused by a lack of neurotransmitters that make brain cells fire.
Generativity
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
Erik Erikson’s stage 7 of psychosocial stages of development. Generativity vs stagnation. Am I doing something good with my life? Age 40-59.
Social clock
Adult/adolescent developmental psychology unit:
The culturally preferred transition time for events like marriage, etc. Every culture is different.
Carl Jung
Studied consciousness and believes in the collective unconscious of inherited memory.
B. F. Skinner
Used operant conditioning chamber to teach rats to press a level with positive or negative reinforcement.
Ivan Pavlov
Used classical conditioning to teach dogs to drool at the sound of a bell.
Elizabeth Loftus
Studied false memories and how they’re suggestive and malleable.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
The forgetting curve- You learn something, retention drop, then levels off. A memory becomes relatively permanent after three years.
John B. Watson
Conditioned Little Albert to fear small animals with classical conditioning and stimulus generalization.
Albert Bandura
Experimented on children and saw that if they viewed an adult being violent, they were more likely to be as well. Bobo doll experiment.
Hans Selye
Developed the general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, and fatigue).
Edward Thorndike
Came up with the laws of learning: readiness, exercise, and effect.
Martin Seligman
Studied learned helplessness by putting dogs in electric cages.
Noam Chomsky
Studied language, grammar, and the stages of language development.
George Miller
Said you can hold 7 + or - 2 pieces of information in our short-term memory for 30 seconds.
Jean Piaget
4 stages of cognitive ability where mental progression is making sense of new experiences.
Lev Vygotsky
Developed the sociocultural theory using scaffolding and zone of proximal development in education.
Benjamin Whorf
Linguistic-relativism/influence- How language and thinking influence/limit each other.
James Marcia
Stages of identity development. Your choices are who you are, not what you say you are.
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial development where each stage of life has something we need to learn.
The Harlows
Used Rhesus monkeys to see if the babies would prefer the cloth surrogate mother or the wire one with milk.
