Child Psychology Review (Quiz Mon. 2/10/25) Flashcards
Infantile amnesia
Children don’t form permanent, explicit memories until age 3 because of an underdeveloped hippocampus.
Rooting
Instinct until about 3 weeks old where baby will turn its head if you touch its mouth.
Fine vs gross motor skills
Fine- Small, precise muscle movements
Gross- Large muscle movements
Assimilation vs accommodation
Assimilation- Learning and putting new experiences into schema already known
Accommodation- Learning a new procedure and schema when new information doesn’t fit into an old schema
Object permanence
Something exists even when you can’t see it, learning in the cognitive development stage of sensorimotor skills (birth-18 months).
Pruning
Pathways that aren’t used often enough are slowly shut down.
Teratogen and congenital
Teratogen- Outside agent that interferes with prenatal development
Congenital- Any issue you’re born with
Zone of proximal development
Zone where you can learn something with help from an MKO (more knowledgeable other).
Identical vs fraternal twins
Identical- Develops from same egg and sperm, same gender
Fraternal- Develops from two sets of eggs and sperm, same or different gender
Maturation
A human’s automatic and orderly mental and physical development.
Reversibility
Being able to see relationships from other angles. Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development learned in preoperational stage (2-7 years)
Individualist vs collectivist
Individualist- Independent achievement/growth and individual differences that are encouraged
Collectivist- Encouraging group concerns and caring more about community
Scaffolding
Building off of previous knowledge with their range (zone of proximal development)
Schema
Mental classification categories
Separation and stranger anxiety
Studied by Mary Ainsworth
Separation- When a child doesn’t trust that the parent will return
Stranger- Fear of a face that doesn’t fit known schema/category
Ecological systems
Different environments influence cognitive developments over the course of someone’s life to varying degrees
Microsystem
Ecological system. Relationships in a child’s immediate surroundings
Exosystem
Ecological system. Environment/relationships of a child’s significant others
Macrosystem
Ecological system. Culture affecting a child
Secure attachment style
Basic trust that the world is reliable. One of the first things babies learn
Anxious/ambivalent attachment style
Craving acceptance while always looking to be rejected
Avoidant attachment style
Maintaining distance from others
Sensorimotor skills
Stages of Cognitive Development. Birth-18 months. Learning (often through taste), crawling, going from gross to fine motor skills, infentile amnesia.
Preoperational
Stages of Cognitive Development. 2-7 years. Egocentric, begin to lie and learn consequences, reversibility, conservation, parallel and pretend play.
Concrete operational
Stages of Cognitive Development. 7-11 years. Sees things as very literal so they don’t get sarcasm very well, start to understand others perspectives, and is a good time to start team sports.
Formal operational
Stages of Cognitive Development. 11-12. Can do math beyond basic levels, creativity, abstract reasoning, imagining outcomes, beginning to understand abstract concepts.
Permissive parenting style
Parents want to be liked so they spoil the child. The child has less social skills and overreacts to mistakes.
Authoritarian parenting style
Focuses on obedience and punishment instead of discipline. Child becomes aggressive and immature.
Authoritative parenting style
Enforces the rules but with a healthy relationship, positive. Child has high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.
Uninvolved/negligent parenting style
Little guidance, maturing, or attention. Child has poor social and achedemic performance and can’t accept authority.
The Harlows
Experimented on rhesus monkies and discovered that the infants wanted to be social and would go to the furred surrogate mother more often over the wire mother with milk.
Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory used in education, especially scaffolding by getting help from and MKO.
Piaget
Jean Piaget developed the 4 stages of Cognitive Ability. Mental progression is trying to make sense of new experiences no matter how simple.
Ainsworth
Strange situation/observation where she experimented on stranger and separation anxiety in children and infants.
Stage one of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Basic trust vs mistrust (1-2 years)
Basic trust or mistrust that the world is predictable. One of the first things a baby learns
Stage two of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Autonomy vs shame (2-4 years)
Developing independence in some tasks, self-doubt when personal control isn’t met (shame), while when it is met autonomy is achieved.
Stage three of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Initiative vs guilt (4-5 years)
Taking initiative in some tasks. Learning rules and consequences
Stage four of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Industry vs inferiority (5-12 years, start of school)
Start comparing themselves to others. Finding interests, wanting to show they can do something right. Now seeing things that they are either good or bad at in comparison.
