Learning (Test Sep. 24, 2024) Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Also known as Acquisition or conditioning. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A stimulus creates a response. When associations are created between unrelated events/ideas/people/objects. It’s instinctive and primitive, occurring without thought. Is the most common form of learning.

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

In the 1890’s he experimented on dogs to train them to drool at the sound of a bell by associating the bell with bringing food.

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Doesn’t create an effect, therefore is neutral.

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A response you don’t have to teach.

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6
Q

Conditioned stimulus and response

A

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response for the conditioned stimulus.

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7
Q

The “Little Albert Experiment”

A

1920’s Dr. John B. Watson conditioned a human baby to experience fear and cry at the sight of white rabbits/ fuzzy animals by making a loud painful noise when the baby came in contact with the animal.

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8
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Using the first stimulus to create the connection to a second one. Ex. Teaching a dog to drool at a bell, and using that connection to add the response when hearing a horn.

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9
Q

Generalization

A

Taugh response spreads to similar stimuli. Ex. Little Albert is afraid not just of white rabbits but now all similar fuzzy animals.

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

Learning the difference between two similar stimuli.

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11
Q

Extinction

A

Response to stimuli stops when there is no association after a while. Ex. Dog stops drooling at the sound of a bell when food stops being brought with the bell.

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After a period of extinction, the learning habit randomly returns.

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13
Q

Habituation

A

Stimulus’ effect is weakened by getting used to it, like getting used to a loud sound after a while so that we can continue to function.

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14
Q

Counter conditioning

A

Unlearning associations as a deliberate therapy like unlearning phobias.

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15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Actions having consequences with rewards and punishments.

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16
Q

Reinforcers

A

Teach you what to do and what not to do by giving us something we want or taking away something we dislike enough to change our behavior.

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17
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Things we aren’t taught to want, such as food.

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18
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Things we’re taught to want like money.

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19
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Came up with the three laws of learning.
Law of Readiness- Focus on the work.
Law of Exercise- Practice/drill the behavior.
Law of Effect- The consequences of an action. Scientific justification for rewards and effects.

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20
Q

Positive vs negative reinforcement

A

Positive- Increases behavior by giving a reward
Negative- Increases behavior by taking away something negative (eating to get rid of hunger)

21
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases a behavior by applying a consequence

22
Q

Positive vs negative punishment

A

Positive- Adds something unpleasant
Negative- Taking something enjoyable away

23
Q

Which form of operant conditioning is the most effective?

A

Positive reinforcement because it shows the proper way to do something rather than only the wrong way.

24
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding subjects as they get closer to a desired result (rewarding a dog every time they get closer and closer to the trick you want them to do).

25
Q

Chaining

A

Rewarding each link of the chain. Rewarding each specific sequence of behaviors, then later rewarding the completed sequence.

26
Q

What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?

A

Operant is consequences while classical is the associations between two stimuli.

27
Q

Continuous reinforcement vs partial reinforcement

A

Continuous- Getting a reward every single time you do something (putting money in a vending machine and getting a snack every time).
Partial- You don’t know when the reward will be coming.

28
Q

Fixed ratio vs variable ratio

A

Fixed- You will get the reward after a certain, known number of actions.
Variable- You don’t know how many times you’ll have to perform an action before you get a reward. Ex. Gambling, fishing.

29
Q

Gambler’s/ Hot Hand Fallacy

A

Believe something will happen and to be true but is objectively not. Ex. Fallacy is when you get three heads on a coin in a row and think you must be “due” for flipping tails. Hot Hand: Thinking someone has control over a situation like they’ll get a lucky dice roll because they’ve been lucky thus far.

30
Q

Fixed interval vs variable interval

A

Fixed- Reinforcement after a specific amount of time. (An hourly wage).
Variable- Reinforcement comes after an unknown amount of time. Ex. You don’t know how long someone will take to text you back.

31
Q

Which are the most powerful and addictive reinforcers?

A

Variable ratios and intervals because you don’t know when the reward is coming. The magic of maybe.

32
Q

Overjustification effect

A

An expected incentive can decrease a person’s motivation to perform a task. The outcome is certain so they get bored.

33
Q

The Skinner Box

A

Operant conditioning chamber that taught rats to press a lever. One used positive reinforcement (giving food) and the other negative (taking away the electric shocks).

34
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Training can’t always override biology. An animal’s innate response interferes with conditioning that training can’t always override.

35
Q

Social learning

A

Also known as observational learning, imitation, modeling, etc. Albert Bandura said we could learn by watching and imitating behavior.

36
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Classical and operant can be learned vicariously by watching others do an action.

37
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

1961 Albert Bandura thought watching others be violent would make others less because it was like you had gotten it out of your system. This experiment proved that when children watched adults commit violence they were more likely to also be violent.

38
Q

What does the brain do in a new situation?

A

Look for a model to follow/imitate/obey (children following their parents, friends, etc.)

39
Q

Prosocial vs antisocial modeling

A

Prosocial- Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
Antisocial- Negative, destructive, abusive behavior. There is a correlation between viewing violence and acting violent, but no causation.

40
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when we observe something doing something or do something ourselves. They allow us to feel empathy and connect with someone more deeply as well as copy someone.

41
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning without trying to learn or even knowing learning is occurring (educational posters in classrooms).

42
Q

Expectations

A

They affect how we learn. If we think we can’t learn we won’t try and therefore won’t.

43
Q

Reinforcement value

A

Rewards and punishments are different for everyone (in the eye of the beholder).

44
Q

Biological limitations

A

There’s a biological limit to what can be learned, no matter the reward or punishment (nearly impossible to teach a dog to climb a tree for most breeds).

45
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated and those with punishments are less likely to be repeated.

46
Q

Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation

A

Extrinsic- Performing for a prize. Can be controlling and lead to the overjustification effect. Aren’t as motivating.
Intrinsic- Doing an activity simply for the sake of doing the activity because you enjoy it. Much more rewarding and motivational. People will be happier, more creative, more persistent, etc.

47
Q

Which of the reinforcement schedules has a scalloped graph?

A

Fixed interval because if people know when the reward is coming, they will be ready to receive it right before like the number of people at a restaurant increases right before it opens.

48
Q

Stimulus vs response

A

Stimulus- Something that causes a behavior.
Response- The reaction to a stimulus.