Theme 23: Respiration 5 Flashcards
What is inspiration produced by?
produced by neurons in the brainstem
Which does not increase the respiratory rate?
a) conscious effort
b) exercise
c) sleep
d) stress
e) decrease in blood levels of O2
f) increase in blood levels of CO2 or H+
sleep does not increase the respiratory effort
Which does not inhibit (decrease) respiratory rate?
a) increase in blood levels of CO2 or H+
b) stretching of the lungs during inhalation
c) conscious effort (holding one’s breath as in diving)
d) sleep
increase in blood levels increases the respiratory rate
What is “locked in” syndrome?
caused from a stroke
only can blink
breathing pattern stays constant since no control over anything
What is Ondine’s curse?
have to think to breath (conscious) cannot live if they fall asleep
What is in control of breathing?
metabolic chemoreceptor
what is the most important part of the breathing control system?
the medulla
what is breathing rate sensed by?
chemoreceptors in the system
What are the 3 parts of the breathing system?
Sensor (chmoreceptor, lungs)
Central controller (brain - medulla)
Effectors (respiratory muscles)
What are the two peripheral chemoreceptors?
carotid
aortic bodies
what controls ventilation of the lungs?
neurons
what do the peripheral and chemorecpetors control ?
respiration
breathing
what is a carotid body?
junction of the two major arteries where oxygenated blood flows in and out
What does a vascular sponge do and where is it?
- receives most blood flow of all organs
- inside the carotid body
- chemoreceptor
What are carotid bodies important for?
source of hypoxic ventilatory drive
where are the central chemoreceptors located?
medulla oblongata (through the mouth)
what do central chemoreceptor cells respond to ?
increased CO2 in arterial blood to increase breathing
True or False: Breathing is under both metabolic and behavioral control.
true
what do cells in the medulla that generate respiratory “drive” receive?
input from receptors in the lungs, brain, arteries, cortex
What monitors O2 and then CO2 in arterial blood going to the brain?
peripheral chemoreceptors
what did peripheral chemoreceptors evolve from?
gill arch receptors in fish
where is sensitivity to hypoxia valuble?
at high altitude where there is partial pressure that is reduced
true or false: Central chemoreceptors are only sensitive to CO2
true
true or false: small increases above the normal arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide cause decreases in ventilation to drive off the excess.
false. it causes large increases in ventilation
