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Bio 224 - Animal Body Systems > Theme 18: Osmo 4 > Flashcards

Theme 18: Osmo 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main component of the formation of hypertonic urine in birds and mammals?

A

Loops of Henle

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2
Q

What does hypertonic urine mean?

A

that the urine is concentrated

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3
Q

true or false: the longer the loops of Henle in proportion to the rest of the nephron, the greater the horizontal osmotic graidient.

A

False: the longer the loops of Henle in proportion to the rest of the nephron, the greater the vertical osmotic gradient

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4
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons used for?

A

they are necessary for concentrating uring in the loops of Henle

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5
Q

What are required for the concentration of urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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6
Q

Is it the longer or the shorter the loops of Henle, that something can concentrate its urine?

A

The longer the loops the more concentrated the urine

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7
Q

Which of the following cannot excrete urine five times more concentrated than seawater?

a) kangaroo rat
b) gerbil
c) golden hamster
d) common field mouse

A

d) the common field mouse can not excrete this concentration of urine

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8
Q

What is a nephron?

A

functional unit of the kidney which is responsible for the formation of urine

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9
Q

How many nephrons are in the mammalian kidney?

A

millions of nephrons

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10
Q

what do nephrons connect to?

A

one collecting duct

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11
Q

Which group have juxtamedullary nephrons with long loops of Henle?

a) Mammals and birds
b) fish and reptiles
c) rodents

A

mammals and birds

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12
Q

what do nephrons do?

A

they allow production of hypertonic urine to conserve water

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13
Q

Where are nephrons found?

A

the medulla and cortex of kidneys

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14
Q

where are bowmans capsules found?

A

the cortex - outer layer of kidneys

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15
Q

What are the three basic nephron processes?

A

1_ Glomerular Filtration

  1. Tubular Reabsorption
  2. tubular secretion
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16
Q

What is the filtering of blood into tubulle forming the primary urine called?

A

Glomerular Filteration

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17
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration?

A

the filtering of blood into tubule forming the primary urine

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18
Q

What is Tubular Reabsorption?

A

reabsorption of substances needed by body from tubule back to blood

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19
Q

What is the reabsorption of substances needed by body from tubule back to blood called?

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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20
Q

What is the secretion of substances to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood called?

A

Tubular Secretion

21
Q

What is Tubular secretion?

A

secretion of substnaces to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood

22
Q

What is the result of the three basic nephron processes?

A

urine

23
Q

What four things are reabsorbed from the tubule?

A

amino acids
glucose
filtered water(65%)
filtered sodium (67%)

24
Q

What two things are secreted into tubule?

A

the variable proton H+ for acid/base regulaiton

organic molecules

25
Q

How is Na+ oumped out of the kidney, what happens to the Cl-?

A

the Na+ is pumped out by membrane pumps and the Cl- follows passibely down an electrostatic gradient

26
Q

True or False: There is a slight change in concentration of filtrate in the tubule.

A

False. there is no change in concentration

27
Q

What kind of mechanism is in the proximal convoluted Tubule II?

A

isomotic volume removal

28
Q

How much urine is removed in teh 2nd step?

A

65%

29
Q

What happens to the osmolarity in the medulla during the descending loop of henle?

A

the external osmolarity is high in the medulla and it increases as the tubule descends from outer to inner medulla

30
Q

is the tubule permeable to water in the descending loop of henle?

A

yes

31
Q

How much urine is removed in the loop of henle and how much is left?

A

20% removed, 15% left

32
Q

There is no change in solute in tubule during the loop of henle, what does this mean?

A

concentration of filtrate in tubule is increased

33
Q

What is the difference of the osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid of medulla?

a) 600-1000 mOsm outer to inner
b) 600-1200 mOsm inner to outer
c) 400-1200 mOsm outer to inner

A

400-1200 mOsm outer to inner

34
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle where the Na+ reabsorption tubule is impermeable to water?

A
  • concentrates interstitial fluid in medulla

- lowers NaCl concentration in the ultrafilrate (by active transport)

35
Q

What is the purpose of the loop of Henle?

A

to establish a gradient of osmollarity in the interstitial fluid of the medulla

36
Q

What is the relationship between the Na+ and concentration of the fluid in the ascending and descending limbs?

A

the more Na+ active transported out of the ascending loop, the more concentrated the fluid in descending lumb
water leaves by osmosis

37
Q

What is the “hairpin” of the loop of Henle?

A

countercurrent multiplier system which maintains osmotic gradient in the medulla (water is reabsorbed back into the plasma)

38
Q

What happens in the vasa recta?

A
  • water is reabsorbed into the plasma of the blood vessels in ascending limb
  • counter current exchange maintains osmotic gradient in the medulla
  • removes excess water and solutes from filtrate
39
Q

What do the permeability and transport properties of descending and ascending limbs establish in the interstitial fluid of medulla?

A

osmotic gradient to allow reabsorption from the distal collecting duct

40
Q

What does sodium reabosrption do?

A

reduce osmotic pressure of the filtrate to ~100mOsm as it enters the distal convoluted tubule

41
Q

what happens in the distal conoluted tubule II?

A

filtrate is diluted by transport of sodium out of tubule

- regulates sodium and potassium in the blood

42
Q

How does the regulation of sodium and potassium happen?

A

In the distal convoluted tubule II:

  • lose potassium (have enough for transport)
  • controlled by aldosterone
  • controlled by antidiuretic hormone to absorb water and concentrate the urine
43
Q

Do desert animals or humans need longer loops of Henle?

A

Desert animals

44
Q

What happens in the collecting duct?

A

rest of water is removed by osmosis by the osmotic gradient

45
Q

What is water permeability of the tubule controlled by?

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone - antipeeing hormone

46
Q

If the ADH allows water to leave what happens?

A
  • urine volume is reduced
  • urine is more concentrated
  • urea goes into the loop of henle (1/2 gone)
  • extracellular osmollarity is increased
47
Q

What are 4 uses of urine?

A
  1. munitions
  2. textiles
  3. agriculture
  4. historical
48
Q

What are the 5 main parts of the urinary system?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s Capsule
  3. Descending loop of Henle
  4. Ascending loop of Henle
  5. Ureter
49
Q

What is the full urinary system?

A 
Glomerulus
bowman's capsule
proximal tubule
descending loop of henle
ascending loop of henle
distal concoluted tubule
collecting duct
ureter

Bio 224 - Animal Body Systems (22 decks)

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