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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products from body fluids
Elimination: discharge of wastes from the body
Homeostatic regulation: volume and solute concentration of blood

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Produce urine

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3
Q

Urine

A

Water, ions and small soluble compounds

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4
Q

Urinary tract

A

Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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5
Q

Ureteres

A

Paired tubes that transport urine toward the urinary bladder

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6
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Muscular sac for temporary urine storage

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7
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that conducts urine to exterior

Transports semen in males

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8
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

Urinary bladder contracts and forces urine through the urethra which conducts the urine to the exterior

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9
Q

Homeostatic functions of urinary system

A
  1. Regulating blood volume and blood pressure
  2. Regulating plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions
  3. Helping to stabilise blood pH
  4. Conserving valuable nutrients
  5. Assisting the liver in detoxifying
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10
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneally in the superior lumbar region

On either side of the vertebral column between vertebrae T12 and L3

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11
Q

Organs located partially or entirely retroperitoneally

A 
SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta and inferior vena cava
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
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12
Q

What holds the kidneys in position

A
  1. Overlying peritoneum
  2. Contact with adjacent visceral organs
  3. Supporting connective tissues
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13
Q

Connective tissues stabilise and protecting kidneys

A
  1. Fibrous capsule covers outer surface of entire organ
  2. Preinephric fat surrounding fibrous capsule
  3. Renal fascia - fibrous outer layer
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14
Q

Hilum

A

Prominent medial indentation
Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves
Point of exit for renal vein and ureter

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15
Q

Renal sinus

A

Internal cavity within the kidneys

Fibrous capsule lines renal sinus

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16
Q

Layers of kidney

A

Outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla

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17
Q

Renal medulla

A

Made of renal pyramids

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18
Q

Renal papilla

A

Tip of renal pyramids that project into renal sinus

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19
Q

Renal columns

A

Bands of cortical tissue which seperate renal pyramids

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20
Q

Kidney lobe

A

Consists of a renal pyramid, an overlying area of renal cortex and adjacent tissues of the renal columns

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21
Q

Where is urine produced?

A

In the kidney lobes

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22
Q

Urine production

A

Ducts within each renal papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > renal sinus > ureter

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23
Q

Two types of nephrons in kidneys

A

Cortical nephrons in the renal cortex and juxtamedullary nephrons in the renal medulla

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24
Q

Renal circulation

A

Renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > affarent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > pertibular capillaries > venule > cortical radiate vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein

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25
Q

Renal nerves

A

Innervate kidneys and ureters

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26
Q

Functional unit of kidneys

A

Nephrons

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27
Q

Nephrons

A

Renal corpuscle and a renal tobule

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28
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Spherical structure containing a capillary network that filters blood

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29
Q

Renal tubule

A

Long tubular passageway which begins at the corpuscle which empties into the collective system

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30
Q

Collective system

A

Series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron

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31
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Contains glomerular capsule and glomerulus

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32
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

Encapsulate glomerular capillaries

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33
Q

Glomerus

A

Intertwined capillaries

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34
Q

Blood flow through glomerus

A

Afferent arteriole > glomerus > efferent arteriole

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35
Q

Capsular outer layer

A

Outer wall of the capsule

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36
Q

Visceral layer

A

Covers glomerular capillaries

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37
Q

Capsular space

A

Separates capsuler outer layer and visceral layer

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38
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells in visceral layer of the capsule

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39
Q

Foot processes

A

Feet of podocytes

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40
Q

Filtration slits

A

Narrow gaps between adjacent foot processes

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41
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli that impairs filtration in the kidneys

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42
Q

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Located among glomerular capillaries

Specialised cells derived from smooth muscle

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43
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane and foot processes of podocytes

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44
Q

Filtration

A

Blood pressure forces water and small dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries through this membrane and into the capsular space

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45
Q

Where does filtration take place?

A

Renal corpuscle

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46
Q

Filtrate

A

Protein-free solution similar to blood plasma

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47
Q

Renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

Separated by nephron loop/loop of Henle

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48
Q

Tubular fluid

A

Filtrate travelling along renal tubule

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49
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • 1st segment

- Reabsoprtion of critical ions

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50
Q

Nephron loop

A

Descending limb: fluid flows toward renal pelvis

Ascending limb: fluid flows toward the renal cortex

51
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A
  • 3rd segment
  • Reabsorption water and selected ions
  • Active secretion of undesirable substances
52
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex

A

Helps regulate BP and filtrate formulation

53
Q

Macula densa

A

Chemoreceptors or baroreceptors

54
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Secrete renin

Monitor BP in the afferent arteriole

55
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Located in the triangle space between afferent efferent glomerular arterioles
Provide feedback control between macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

56
Q

Collecting system

A

Collecting duct > papillary duct > minor calyx

57
Q

Cortical nephron

A
  • Most common
  • Nephron loop is relatively short
  • Efferent arteriole delivers blood to a network of pertibular capillaries which surround entire renal tubule
58
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A
  • Long nephron loop

- Efferent arterioles connect to vasa recta

59
Q

Function of urine

A

To maintain homeostasis by regulating volume and composition of blood

60
Q

3 types of metabolic wastes

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric acid
61
Q

Creatinine

A

Generated by skeletal muscle tissue through the breakdown of creatine phosphate

62
Q

Uric acid

A

Waste formed during the recycling of the nitrogenous bases from RNA molecules

63
Q

Urine formation

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
64
Q

Filtration

A

BP forces water and solutes across the walls of glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space where small enough molecules pass through filtration membrane

65
Q

Reabsorption

A
  • Removal of water and solutes from the filtrate

- Water and solute movement across tubular epithelium into peritubular fluid

66
Q

Secretion

A

Transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into tubular fluid

67
Q

Where does filtration exclusively occur?

A

Renal corpuscle

68
Q

Where does water reabsorption occur?

A
  • Primarily along the PCT and the descending thin limb of nephron loop
  • Variably in the DCT
69
Q

Where does solute reabsorption occur?

A

Along the PCT, thick ascending limb of the nephron loop, the DCT and collecting system

70
Q

What drives glomerular filtration in kidney nephrons?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

71
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Blood plasma is forced through special pores of the filtration membrane and small molecules are called along

72
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Pressure due to materials in solution on each side of the capillary walls

73
Q

Typical glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

A

50mm

74
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

A

Opposes GHP

Results from resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system

75
Q

Net hydrostatic pressure (NHP)

A

Difference between GHP and CsHP

76
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

Osmotic pressure resulting from suspended proteins in the blood

Normally, very few plasma proteins so no BCOP

When glomeruli are damaged, BCOP is created and fluid loss in urine is increased

77
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Difference between NHP and BCOP

78
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute

Depends on the NFP - anything affecting NFP affects GFR

79
Q

Regulation of the GFR

A
  1. Autoregulation occurring at the local level
  2. Hormonal regulation initiated by kidneys
  3. Autonomic regulation maintained primarily by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
80
Q

Autoregulation of the GFR

A

Maintains an adequate GFR despite changes in local BP and flow
Changes in diameters of arteries, etc.

81
Q

Hormonal regulation of the GFR

A

Regulated by the hormones of RAAS and the natriuretic peptides

82
Q

RAAS

A

Release of renin restricts water and salt loss in the urine by stimulating reabsorption by the nephron

83
Q

Triggers for the release of renin by the JGC

A
  1. Decrease in BP, systemic pressures or blockage in renal artery
  2. Stimulation of JG cells by sympathetic innervation
  3. Decrease in the osmotic concentration of the tubular fluid at the macula densa
84
Q

Autonomic regulation of the GFR

A

Sympathetic postganglionic fibres

Vasoconstriction of afferent glomerular arterioles, decreasing GFR

85
Q

Functions of the renal tubule

A
  1. Reabsorbing all the useful organic nutrients in the filtrate
  2. Reabsorbing more than 90% of the water in the filtrate
  3. Secreting into the tubule lumen any wastes that didn’t pass into the filtrate at the glomerulus
86
Q

Transport maximum (Tm)

A

The concentration at saturation for any substance

Reflects the number of available carrier proteins in the renal tubules

Normally, carrier proteins involved in tubular reabsorption seldom become saturated

87
Q

Renal threshold

A

The plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine

88
Q

Osmotic concentration/osmolarity

A

The total number of solute particles in each litre

89
Q

Osmotic concentration of body fluids

A

300 mOsm/L

90
Q

Ion concentrations

A

Measured in milliequivalents

91
Q

PCT reabsorption and secretion

A
  1. Reabsorption of organic nutrients
  2. Active reabsorption of ions
  3. Reabsorption of water
  4. Passive reabsorption of ions
  5. Secretion
92
Q

Reabsorption along the nephron loop

A

Sodium and chloride ions and water

93
Q

DCT reabsorption and secretion

A

Reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions and water

Secretion of hydrogen, ammonium ions and creatinine, drugs and toxins

94
Q

Collecting system reabsorption and secretion

A

Sodium, bicarbonate ion and urea reabsorption

Secretes bicarbonate ions and pumps hydrogen ions into the pertibular fluid if pH rises

95
Q

Countercurrent multiplication

A

Exchange of substances between descending thin and ascending thick limbs of the nephron loop

Tubular fluid in the descending limb flows toward the renal pelvis while tubular fluid in the ascending limb flows toward the cortex

96
Q

Functions of the countercurrent multiplication

A
  1. Efficient reabsorption of solutes and water before the tubular fluid reaches the DCT and collecting system
  2. Establishment of a concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid that permits the passive reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid in the collecting system
97
Q

Countercurrent multiplication

A
  1. NA+ and Cl- ions are pumped into thick ascending limb and into peritubular fluid
  2. Osmotic concentration is increased in the peritubular fluid around the descending thin limb
  3. This creates a small concentration difference between the tubular fluid and peritubular fluid in the renal medulla
  4. Osmotic flow of water out of the descending thin limb and into the peritubular fluid
  5. Highly concentrated tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb speeds up the transport of sodium and chloride ions into the peritubular fluid
98
Q

Medullary osmotic gradient

A

Concentration gradient created in the peritubular fluid of the medulla

99
Q

Na+-K+/2Cl- transporter

A

Carrier that performs active transport at the apical surface of the TAL

100
Q

Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water?

A

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

101
Q

What does the volume of water lost in urine depend on?

A

How much of the remaining water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed along the DCT and collecting system

102
Q

ADH

A

Causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical plasma membrane, enhancing the rate of osmotic water movement

103
Q

ADH level rises

A

DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water, the amount of water reabsorbed increases

104
Q

Why does the concentration of urine never exceed that of the medulla

A

Because the concentrating mechanism relies on osmosis

105
Q

ANP

A

Stimulates the production of a large volume of dilute urine

106
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Solutes and water reabsorbed in the medulla returning to the bloodstream without disrupting the medullary osmotic gradient

The concentration gradient in the renal medulla encourages osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. As water is lost by osmosis and the volume of the tubular fluid increases, the urea concentration increases

107
Q

Urinalysis

A

Chemical and physical analysis of a urine sample

108
Q

Creatinine clearance

A

Compares creatinine level in urine with. creatinine level in the blood by estimating GFR

109
Q

BUN

A

Measures the amount of urea in blood

110
Q

Pyelogram

A

Image of the urinary system

111
Q

Ureters

A

Pair of muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to the urinary bladder

112
Q

Layers of the ureters

A
  1. Inner mucosa
  2. Middle muscular layer
  3. Outer connective tissue layer
113
Q

Median umbilical ligament

A

Extends from anterior, superior border towards the navel

114
Q

Lateral umbilical ligaments

A

Pass along the sides of the bladder to the navel

115
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of the mucosa lining the urinary bladder that disappear as the bladder fills

116
Q

Trigone

A

Triangular smooth area bounded by the opening of the ureters and the entrance of the urethra

Acts as a funnel

117
Q

Neck of the urinary bladder

A

Area surrounding the urethral opening

118
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Involuntary control over discharge of urine

119
Q

Layers of the urinary bladder

A

Mucosa, submucosa and muscular

120
Q

Detrusor

A

Muscle of the urinary bladder

121
Q

Male urethra

A

Prostatic, membranous and spongy

122
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Muscular band in both sexes

Voluntary control

123
Q

Urine storage reflex

A

Occurs by spinal reflexes and the pontine storage centre in pons

Afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder stimulate sympathetic outflow to the detrusor and internal urethral sphincter

Pontine storage centre inhibits urination by decreasing parasympathetic activity and increasing somatic motor nerve activity at the external urethral sphincter

124
Q

Urine voiding reflex

A

Occurs by spinal reflexes and the pontine micturition centre

Afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder stimulate interneurons that relay sensations to the pontine micturition centre. The centre initiates sacral spinal reflexes that

  1. Stimulate increased parasympathetic activity
  2. Decrease sympathetic activity
  3. Decrease efferent somatic motor nerve activity

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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