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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Specialised connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transport (gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes)
  2. pH and ion concentration of interstitial fluid
  3. Restricting fluid loss at injury sites
  4. Defence
  5. Body temperature
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3
Q

Characteristics of blood

A
  1. 38 degrees C
  2. 5 times as viscous as water
  3. Slightly alkaline
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4
Q

Whole blood

A

Fluid plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

Fractionated blood

A

Separated for clinical purposes

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6
Q

Components of plasma

A

Plasma proteins, other solutes, water

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7
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

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8
Q

Albumins

A
  • Most abundant
    Important for
  • Osmolarity
  • Transport of fatty acids, thyroid hormones
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9
Q

Globulins

A
  • Body defence e.g. antibodies

- Transport globulins e.g. hormone-binding proteins

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10
Q

Fibrinogens

A

Important for clotting

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11
Q

Serum

A

The remaining fluid when clotting proteins are removed from a blood sample

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12
Q

Which organ synthesises more than 90% of plasma proteins?

A

The liver

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13
Q

Formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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14
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process of formed elements formation

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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16
Q

Which pigment do RBCs contain?

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood sample that consists of formed elements (mostly RBCs)

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18
Q

Venipuncture

A

Blood sample from anterior elbow

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19
Q

Arterial puncture

A

Blood sample from arteries at wrist or elbow used for blood gas analysis (lung function)

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20
Q

Which stem cell populations are important for production of formed elements?

A

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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21
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Biocave disc with a thin central region and thicker outer margin

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22
Q

Benefits of RBC shape and flexible membrane

A
  1. Surface area
  2. Ability to form stacks
  3. Ability to bend when moving through small capillaries
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23
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacks of RBCs

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24
Q

Do mature RBCs have nucelei?

A

No

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25
Q

How do mature RBCs obtain energy?

A

Through anaerobic metabolism (no nuclei = no mitochondria = no aerobic metabolism)

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26
Q

Why do mature RBCs lack mitchondira?

A

So the absorbed oxygen will be carried to peripheral tissues and not stolen by mitochondria

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27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Responsible for RBCs ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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28
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Complex quaternary: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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29
Q

Heme

A
  • Non protein pigment complex
  • Holds an iron ion
  • Contained in a single hemoglobin chain
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30
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

When oxygen binds to iron in heme unit

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31
Q

Why is the binding of an oxygen molecule to the iron in a heme unit reversible?

A

The iron-oxygen interaction is very weak

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32
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen

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33
Q

What kind of blood is dark red?

A

Blood containing RBCs filled with deoxyhemoglobin

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34
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

Binds oxygen more readilt than does adult hemoglobin

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35
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin bind to carbon dioxide

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36
Q

Anemia

A

Interferes with oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues

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37
Q

When do embryonic blood cells appear in the bloodstream?

A

Third week of development

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38
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow, where RBCs are formed

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39
Q

Hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A
  • Found in red bone marrow

- Divide to form myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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40
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Divide to produce RBCs and several classes of WBCs

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41
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Divide to produce lymphocytes

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42
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Divide to produce RBCs and several classes of WBCs

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43
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Divide to produce lymphocytes

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44
Q

What accounts for the differences in hematocrit values between males and females?

A

The fact that estrogens don’t stimulate erythropoiesis

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45
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

A 
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) (directly)
Other hormones (indirectly)
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46
Q

Which organs make EPO?

A

Kidneys and liver

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47
Q

When does EPO appear in the plasma?

A

When peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to a low concentration of oxygen

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48
Q

Effects of EPO

A
  1. Stimulates erythroblast division and eryhroblast-producing stem cell division
  2. Speeds up maturation of RBCs by accelerating Hb synthesis
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49
Q

Blood doping

A

When athletes elevate their hematocrits by re-infusing packed RBCs that were removed and stored at an earlier date

50
Q

Why is blood doping dangerous?

A

It makes blood more viscous and increases the workload on the heart

51
Q

Hemolyzed RBCs

A

Ruptured RBCs

52
Q

Hemoglobin recycling

A

Alpha, beta chains of Hb - eliminated
Globular proteins - metabolised or release for other use
Iron - recycled

53
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

When abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in the bloodstream and urine may turn red or brown

54
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of intact RBCs in urine

Occurs after kidney damage or damage to vessels along urinary tract

55
Q

Fate of heme

A
  1. Heme unit stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin
  2. Converted to bilirubin which is released to bloodstream
  3. Bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile
56
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

When bile ducts are blocked or the liver can’t absorb or excrete bilirubin, bilirubin diffuses into peripheral tissues

57
Q

Recycling of iron

A

Iron ions extracted from heme molecules bound and stored in phagocytic cells or released into bloodstream where they bind to transferrin

58
Q

How is transferrin recycled?

A

RBCs developing in red bone marrow absorb amino acids and transferrins from the bloodstream and use them to synthesise new Hb molecules

59
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that can trigger an immune response

60
Q

Surface antigens

A

Substances that the immune system recognises as self

61
Q

How is your blood type determined?

A

By the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes

62
Q

Type A blood

A

RBCs with surface antigen A only

Plasma contains anti-B antibodies

63
Q

Type B blood

A

RBCs with surface antigen B only

Plasma contains anti-A antibodies

64
Q

Type AB blood

A

RBCs with both surface antigens A and B

Plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

65
Q

Type O blood

A

RBCs with neither surface antigens A or B

Plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

66
Q

Rh blood group

A

Based on the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigen

67
Q

Rh factor

A

Rh surface antigen

68
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Surface antigens

69
Q

Agglutinins

A

Antibodies

70
Q

Agglutinate

A

Foreign cells

71
Q

Agglutination

A

When agglutinates clump together

72
Q

Cross-reaction

A

When an antibody meets its specific surface antigen, the RBCs agglutinate

73
Q

Compatibility test

A
  1. Determination of blood type

2. Cross-match test

74
Q

Cross-match testing

A

Involves exposing the donors RBCs to a sample of the recipients plasma under controlled conditions

75
Q

Do WBCs have nuclei?

76
Q

Where do WBCs circulate?

A

Through the loose and dense connective tissues of the body

77
Q

Characteristics of WBCs

A
  1. All can migrate out of the bloodstream
  2. All are capable of amoeboid movement
  3. All are attracted to specific chemical stimuli
78
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

A gliding motion made possible by the flow of cytoplasm into slender cellular processes extended in the direction of movement

79
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Characteristic of WBCs that guide them to invading pathogens, damaged tissues and other active WBCs

80
Q

Margination

A

When WBCs in the bloodstream are activated, they contact and adhere to the vessel walls

81
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

82
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

83
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

84
Q

Microphages

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

85
Q

Specific defences

A

Lymphocytes

86
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

When mother’s antibodies cross placenta and attack fetus’ RBCs

87
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

When mother’s antibodies developed during first pregnancy cross placenta and attack fetus’ RBCs

88
Q

Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile, specialised cells for attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked with antibodies or complement proteins

89
Q

Eosinophils

A

Attack objects that are coated with antibodies mostly through exocytosis

90
Q

Basophils

A

Migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissue and discharge granules containing histamine and heparin into interstitial fluid

91
Q

Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile, specialised cells for attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked with antibodies or complement proteins

92
Q

Eosinophils

A

Attack objects that are coated with antibodies mostly through exocytosis

93
Q

Basophils

A

Migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissue and discharge granules containing histamine and heparin into interstitial fluid

94
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates blood vessels

95
Q

Heparins

A

Prevents blood clotting

96
Q

Monocytes

A

Becomes a tissue macrophage

97
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

98
Q

T cells

A
  • Responsible for cell-mediated immunity

- Defence against invading foreign cells and coordinating immune response

99
Q

B cells

A
  • Responsible for humoral immunity

- Production of antibodies

100
Q

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

101
Q

NK cells

A
  • Responsible for immune surveillance

- Detection and subsequent destruction of abnormal cells

102
Q

Which lymphocyte is important in preventing cancer?

103
Q

Leukopenia

A

Inadequate numbers of WBCs

104
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblast divisions produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells divide to create progenitor cells which give rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes

105
Q

What does extreme leukocytosis usually indicate?

A

The presence of some form of leukemia

106
Q

Lymphocytopoiesis

A

Some lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid stem cells that remain in red bone marrow - differentiate into B cells or NK cells

Some lymphocytes are produced in lymphatic tissues

107
Q

Lymphatic tissues

A

Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes

108
Q

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

Regulate WBC populations

109
Q

Platelets

A

Disc-shaped cell fragments

110
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis

A
  • Occurs in red bone marrow

- Megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm in packets = platelets

111
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of the bleeding

  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
112
Q

Vascular phase

A

Period of local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)

113
Q

Platelet phase

A

Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site and adhere to damaged surfaces

114
Q

Coagulation phase

A

Occurs as factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a blood clot

115
Q

Clot retraction

A

Platelets contract and pull the torn edges of the damaged vessel closer together

116
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

When the clot gradually dissolves through the action of plasmin, the activate form of circulating plasminogen

117
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of the bleeding

  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
118
Q

Vascular phase

A

Period of local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)

119
Q

Platelet phase

A

Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site and adhere to damaged surfaces

120
Q

Coagulation phase

A

Occurs as factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a blood clot

121
Q

Clot retraction

A

Platelets contract and pull the torn edges of the damaged vessel closer together

122
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

When the clot gradually dissolves through the action of plasmin, the activate form of circulating plasminogen

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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