Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Specialised connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transport (gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes)
  2. pH and ion concentration of interstitial fluid
  3. Restricting fluid loss at injury sites
  4. Defence
  5. Body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of blood

A
  1. 38 degrees C
  2. 5 times as viscous as water
  3. Slightly alkaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Whole blood

A

Fluid plasma and formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fractionated blood

A

Separated for clinical purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of plasma

A

Plasma proteins, other solutes, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Albumins

A
  • Most abundant
    Important for
  • Osmolarity
  • Transport of fatty acids, thyroid hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Globulins

A
  • Body defence e.g. antibodies

- Transport globulins e.g. hormone-binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fibrinogens

A

Important for clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Serum

A

The remaining fluid when clotting proteins are removed from a blood sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which organ synthesises more than 90% of plasma proteins?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process of formed elements formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which pigment do RBCs contain?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of blood sample that consists of formed elements (mostly RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Venipuncture

A

Blood sample from anterior elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Arterial puncture

A

Blood sample from arteries at wrist or elbow used for blood gas analysis (lung function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which stem cell populations are important for production of formed elements?

A

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Biocave disc with a thin central region and thicker outer margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Benefits of RBC shape and flexible membrane

A
  1. Surface area
  2. Ability to form stacks
  3. Ability to bend when moving through small capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacks of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do mature RBCs have nucelei?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do mature RBCs obtain energy?

A

Through anaerobic metabolism (no nuclei = no mitochondria = no aerobic metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do mature RBCs lack mitchondira?

A

So the absorbed oxygen will be carried to peripheral tissues and not stolen by mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Responsible for RBCs ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Complex quaternary: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Heme

A
  • Non protein pigment complex
  • Holds an iron ion
  • Contained in a single hemoglobin chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

When oxygen binds to iron in heme unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is the binding of an oxygen molecule to the iron in a heme unit reversible?

A

The iron-oxygen interaction is very weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What kind of blood is dark red?

A

Blood containing RBCs filled with deoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

Binds oxygen more readilt than does adult hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin bind to carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Anemia

A

Interferes with oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When do embryonic blood cells appear in the bloodstream?

A

Third week of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow, where RBCs are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A
  • Found in red bone marrow

- Divide to form myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Divide to produce RBCs and several classes of WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Divide to produce lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

Divide to produce RBCs and several classes of WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

Divide to produce lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What accounts for the differences in hematocrit values between males and females?

A

The fact that estrogens don’t stimulate erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

A 
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) (directly)
Other hormones (indirectly)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which organs make EPO?

A

Kidneys and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When does EPO appear in the plasma?

A

When peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to a low concentration of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Effects of EPO

A
  1. Stimulates erythroblast division and eryhroblast-producing stem cell division
  2. Speeds up maturation of RBCs by accelerating Hb synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Blood doping

A

When athletes elevate their hematocrits by re-infusing packed RBCs that were removed and stored at an earlier date

50
Q

Why is blood doping dangerous?

A

It makes blood more viscous and increases the workload on the heart

51
Q

Hemolyzed RBCs

A

Ruptured RBCs

52
Q

Hemoglobin recycling

A

Alpha, beta chains of Hb - eliminated
Globular proteins - metabolised or release for other use
Iron - recycled

53
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

When abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in the bloodstream and urine may turn red or brown

54
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of intact RBCs in urine

Occurs after kidney damage or damage to vessels along urinary tract

55
Q

Fate of heme

A
  1. Heme unit stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin
  2. Converted to bilirubin which is released to bloodstream
  3. Bilirubin binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excretion in bile
56
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

When bile ducts are blocked or the liver can’t absorb or excrete bilirubin, bilirubin diffuses into peripheral tissues

57
Q

Recycling of iron

A

Iron ions extracted from heme molecules bound and stored in phagocytic cells or released into bloodstream where they bind to transferrin

58
Q

How is transferrin recycled?

A

RBCs developing in red bone marrow absorb amino acids and transferrins from the bloodstream and use them to synthesise new Hb molecules

59
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that can trigger an immune response

60
Q

Surface antigens

A

Substances that the immune system recognises as self

61
Q

How is your blood type determined?

A

By the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes

62
Q

Type A blood

A

RBCs with surface antigen A only

Plasma contains anti-B antibodies

63
Q

Type B blood

A

RBCs with surface antigen B only

Plasma contains anti-A antibodies

64
Q

Type AB blood

A

RBCs with both surface antigens A and B

Plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

65
Q

Type O blood

A

RBCs with neither surface antigens A or B

Plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

66
Q

Rh blood group

A

Based on the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigen

67
Q

Rh factor

A

Rh surface antigen

68
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Surface antigens

69
Q

Agglutinins

A

Antibodies

70
Q

Agglutinate

A

Foreign cells

71
Q

Agglutination

A

When agglutinates clump together

72
Q

Cross-reaction

A

When an antibody meets its specific surface antigen, the RBCs agglutinate

73
Q

Compatibility test

A
  1. Determination of blood type

2. Cross-match test

74
Q

Cross-match testing

A

Involves exposing the donors RBCs to a sample of the recipients plasma under controlled conditions

75
Q

Do WBCs have nuclei?

A

Yes

76
Q

Where do WBCs circulate?

A

Through the loose and dense connective tissues of the body

77
Q

Characteristics of WBCs

A
  1. All can migrate out of the bloodstream
  2. All are capable of amoeboid movement
  3. All are attracted to specific chemical stimuli
78
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

A gliding motion made possible by the flow of cytoplasm into slender cellular processes extended in the direction of movement

79
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Characteristic of WBCs that guide them to invading pathogens, damaged tissues and other active WBCs

80
Q

Margination

A

When WBCs in the bloodstream are activated, they contact and adhere to the vessel walls

81
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

82
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

83
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

84
Q

Microphages

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

85
Q

Specific defences

A

Lymphocytes

86
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

When mother’s antibodies cross placenta and attack fetus’ RBCs

87
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

When mother’s antibodies developed during first pregnancy cross placenta and attack fetus’ RBCs

88
Q

Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile, specialised cells for attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked with antibodies or complement proteins

89
Q

Eosinophils

A

Attack objects that are coated with antibodies mostly through exocytosis

90
Q

Basophils

A

Migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissue and discharge granules containing histamine and heparin into interstitial fluid

91
Q

Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile, specialised cells for attacking and digesting bacteria that have been marked with antibodies or complement proteins

92
Q

Eosinophils

A

Attack objects that are coated with antibodies mostly through exocytosis

93
Q

Basophils

A

Migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in damaged tissue and discharge granules containing histamine and heparin into interstitial fluid

94
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates blood vessels

95
Q

Heparins

A

Prevents blood clotting

96
Q

Monocytes

A

Becomes a tissue macrophage

97
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

98
Q

T cells

A
  • Responsible for cell-mediated immunity

- Defence against invading foreign cells and coordinating immune response

99
Q

B cells

A
  • Responsible for humoral immunity

- Production of antibodies

100
Q

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

101
Q

NK cells

A
  • Responsible for immune surveillance

- Detection and subsequent destruction of abnormal cells

102
Q

Which lymphocyte is important in preventing cancer?

A

NK cells

103
Q

Leukopenia

A

Inadequate numbers of WBCs

104
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblast divisions produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells divide to create progenitor cells which give rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes

105
Q

What does extreme leukocytosis usually indicate?

A

The presence of some form of leukemia

106
Q

Lymphocytopoiesis

A

Some lymphocytes are derived from lymphoid stem cells that remain in red bone marrow - differentiate into B cells or NK cells

Some lymphocytes are produced in lymphatic tissues

107
Q

Lymphatic tissues

A

Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes

108
Q

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

Regulate WBC populations

109
Q

Platelets

A

Disc-shaped cell fragments

110
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis

A
  • Occurs in red bone marrow

- Megakaryocytes shed cytoplasm in packets = platelets

111
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of the bleeding

  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
112
Q

Vascular phase

A

Period of local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)

113
Q

Platelet phase

A

Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site and adhere to damaged surfaces

114
Q

Coagulation phase

A

Occurs as factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a blood clot

115
Q

Clot retraction

A

Platelets contract and pull the torn edges of the damaged vessel closer together

116
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

When the clot gradually dissolves through the action of plasmin, the activate form of circulating plasminogen

117
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of the bleeding

  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
118
Q

Vascular phase

A

Period of local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm)

119
Q

Platelet phase

A

Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site and adhere to damaged surfaces

120
Q

Coagulation phase

A

Occurs as factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a blood clot

121
Q

Clot retraction

A

Platelets contract and pull the torn edges of the damaged vessel closer together

122
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

When the clot gradually dissolves through the action of plasmin, the activate form of circulating plasminogen

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions