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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

4 brain regions

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Dicenephalon
  4. Brainstem
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2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest portion

- Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory and complex movement

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3
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Large left and right hemisphere
Surface covered by collection of neurons that form a thin superficial layer of gray matter called cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex form elevations called gyri
Gyri separated by
Shallow grooves called sulci
Deeper grooves called fissures

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Second largest, partially hidden by cerebral hemispheres
  • Covered by a sheet of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex
  • Adjust ongoing movement by comparing arriving sensations with previously experienced sensations
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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus: relay and processing centres for sensory information
Hypothalamus: contains centres involved with emotions, autonomic function and hormone production
Infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

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6
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Contains a variety of important processing centres and nuclei that relay information headed to or from the cerebrum or cerebellum
  • Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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7
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli e.g. reflexes to loud noises

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8
Q

Pons

A
  • The brain connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

- Tracts, relay centres and somatic and visceral motor control

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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Connects the brain to the spinal cord
  • Central canal
  • Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centres in other portions of the brainstem
  • Controls autonomic functions e.g. heart rate
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10
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A
  • 3 weeks

- Three swellings in the neural tube: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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11
Q

Secondary brain vesicles

A
  • 6 weeks

- Telencephaon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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12
Q

Brain regions at birth

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum and pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Ventricles

A

During development, neural tubes form chambers called ventricles
Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle
Contain CSF

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14
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Continuous with spinal meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

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15
Q

Dura mater

A
  • Outer and inner fibrous layers
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16
Q

Dural folds

A

Inward projections that provide additional stabilisation and support to the brain

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17
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Large collecting veins located within dural folds

Veins of the brain open into these sinuses

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18
Q

Largest dural folds

A

Falx cerebri: superior and inferior sagittal sinus lie within falx cerbri
Tentorium cerebelli: protects the cerebellum and seperates it from cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebelli: divides two cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

Subdural space

A

Separates dura mater from arachnoid mater as a result of disease or trauma

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20
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Covers brain with a smooth surface, doesn’t follow brain’s underlying folds

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21
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains cells and fibres of the arachnoid trabeculae

Lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

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22
Q

Pia mater

A

Sticks closely to the surface of the brain

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23
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Supporting the brain
Cushioning neural structures
Transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes

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24
Q

Choroid plexus

A

An area within each ventricle that produces CSF

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25
Q

CSF

A

Filtrate produced by the fluid leaking out of capillaries in the choroid plexuses. Ependymal cells then secrete CSF into ventricles

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26
Q

Epidural hemorrhage

A

When blood is forced between dura mater and skull

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27
Q

Subdural hemorrhage

A

Bleeding between dura mater and arachnoid mater

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28
Q

CSF production

A
  1. Produced at choroid plexuses
  2. Reaches subarachnoid space through later and median aperture
  3. Diffuses across arachnoid granulations
  4. Goes into superior sagittal sinus
29
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Isolates nervous tissue from general circulation

30
Q

Where is the BBB incomplete?

A

In parts of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland and choroid plexus

31
Q

Cerebrovascular diseases

A

Cardiovascular disorders that interfere with normal blood supply to brain`

32
Q

Cerebrovascular accident

A

Stroke

Occurs when blood supply to portions of the brain is shut off

33
Q

Why don’t substances have free access to the CNS?

A

Because specialised ependymal cells create a blood CSF barrier

34
Q

Relay stations of the medulla oblongata

A

Olivary nuclei

Reflex centres inc. cardiovascular, respiratory rhythmicity centre

35
Q

Reticular formation

A

Begins in the medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brainstem

36
Q

Pons

A

Contains

  1. Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves
  2. Nuclei that help control respiration
  3. Nuclei and tracts linking the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
  4. Ascending, descending and transverse tracts
37
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of the midbrain

Contains corpora quadrigemina (superior and inferior colliculi)

38
Q

Tegmentum

A

Contains red nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncles and headquarters of the reticular activating system (RAS)

39
Q

Cerebellum

A

Adjusts postural muscles and programs and tunes ongoing movements
2 cerebral hemispheres consist of anterior and posterior lobes, vermis and flocculonodular lobe

40
Q

Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Link the cerebellum with the brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord and connect the two cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Diencephalon

A

Composed of the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

42
Q

Thalamus

A

Final relay point for ascending sensory information and coordinates the activities of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Secretes certain hormones
  2. Regulate body temperature
  3. Control autonomic function
  4. Coordinate voluntary and autonomic function
  5. Coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems
  6. Regulate circadian cycles of activity
  7. Control skeletal muscle contractions at the subconscious level
  8. Produce emotions and behavioural drives
44
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdaloid body, cingulate gyrus, denate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix

Emotional states, behavioural drives and memory

45
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A

Association fibres, commissural fibres and projection fibres

46
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen

Control muscle tone, coordinate learned movement patterns and other somatic motor activites

47
Q

Primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus

A

Directs voluntary movement

48
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus

A

Receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature receptors

49
Q

Association areas

A

Somatic sensory association, visual association area, premotor cortex

Control our ability to understand sensory information and coordinate a motor response

50
Q

Specialised language areas of the brain

A

Receive information from all the sensory association areas. It is usually dominant in only one hemisphere - generally the left

51
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Coordinates information from the secondary and special association areas of the entire cortex and performs abstract intellectual functions

52
Q

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

A
  • Left hemisphere

- Responsible for language-based skill

53
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Typically responsible for spatial relationship and analyses

54
Q

Electrocephalogram

A
  • Alpha waves appear in healthy resting adults
  • Beta waves occur when adults are concentrating
  • Theta waves appear in children
  • Delta waves are normal during sleep
55
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • Each nerve attaches to ventrolateral surface of the brain stem near associated sensory or motor nuclei
  • Except for CN I and CN II
56
Q

Olfactory nerves (I)

A
  • Carry sensory information responsible for the sense of smell
  • Olfactory afferents synapse within olfactory bulbs
57
Q

Optic nerves (II)

A

Carry visual information from special sensory receptors in the eye

58
Q

Oculomotor nerves (III)

A

Primary source of innervation for four extrinsic eye muscles

59
Q

Trochlear nerves (IV)

A
  • Smallest cranial nerves

- Innervate superior oblique muscles of the eye

60
Q

Trigeminal nerves (V)

A
  • Largest cranial nerves are mixed nerves with three divisions: opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
61
Q

Abducens nerves (VI)

A
  • Innervate lateral rectus muscles of the eyes
62
Q

Facial nerves (VII)

A
  • Mixed nerves that control muscles of the scalp and face

- Provide pressure sensations over the face and receive taste information from the tongue

63
Q

Vestibulochoclear nerves (VIII)

A
  • Contains vestibular nerve which monitors sensations of balance, position and movement
  • Contains cochlear nerve monitors hearing receptors
64
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

A

Mixed nerves that innervate the tongue and pharynx and control the action of swallowing

65
Q

Vagus nerves (X)

A

Mixed nerves that are vital to the autonomic control of visceral function int he thorax and abdomen

66
Q

Accessory nerves (XI)

A
  • Have internal branches which innervate voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx
  • Have external branches which control muscles associated with pectoral girdle
67
Q

Hypoglossal nerves (XII)

A

Provide voluntary motor control over tongue movements

68
Q

Cranial reflexes

A

Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs that involve sensor and motor fibres of the cranial nerves

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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