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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Consists of two layers:

  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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2
Q

Accessory structures

A

Hair, hair follicles, exocrine glands and nails

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3
Q

2 parts of integumentary system

A
  1. Cutaneous

2. Accesory

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4
Q

Where are the accessory structures embedded?

A

In the dermis

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5
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection of organs
  2. Excretion of salts
  3. Body temperature
  4. Melanin, keratin, vitamin D
  5. Lipid storage
  6. Sensory detection
  7. Immune response
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6
Q

How does the epidermis get nutrients and oxygen?

A

They are diffused from capillaries within the dermis

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7
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous

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8
Q

Why are the cells with the highest metabolic demands closer to the basement membrane?

A

The diffusion distance is shorter there

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9
Q

Keratin

A

Tough, fibrous protein that makes up keratinocytes

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10
Q

Thin skin

A
  • 4 layers of keratinocytes

- covers most of the body surface

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11
Q

Thick skin

A
  • 5 layers of keratinocytes

- palms of hand and soles of feet

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12
Q

Stratum basale (epidermis)

A
  • Attached to the basement membrane
  • Epidermal ridges, dermal papillae
  • Basal (stems) cells, melanocytes, tactile cells
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13
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells that divide to replace the more superficial keratinocytes that are shed at the epithelial surface

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14
Q

Where are tactile cells found?

A

Skin surfaces lacking hair

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15
Q

Tactile cells

A

Sensitive to touch and when compressed, release chemicals that stimulate their associated sensory nerve endings

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16
Q

Tactile disc

A

Tactile cell + sensory nerve ending

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17
Q

Stratum spinosum (epidermis)

A

Keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes

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18
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Cells in the stratum spinosum that stimulate defence against microorganisms and superficial skin cancers

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum (epidermis)

A
  • Keratinocytes produce lots of keratin and cells die from keratohylin
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20
Q

Keratohylin

A

A protein made by keratinocytes which form dense cytoplasmic granules that dehydrate cells

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum (epidermis)

A

A glassy layer in thick skin only

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22
Q

Stratum corneum (epidermis)

A
  • Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes
  • Water resistant but not water proof
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23
Q

Keratinisation

A

The formation of protective, superficial layers of cells filled with keratin

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24
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Water loss from stratum corneum

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25
Q

Sensible perception

A

Water loss from active sweat glands

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26
Q

Where is EGF produced?

A
  • Salivary glands

- Glands of the duodenum

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27
Q

Functions of EGF

A

Promotes:

  1. Division of basal cells in stratum basale and stratum spinosum
  2. Keratinisation
  3. Epidermal development and repair
  4. Secretions of epithelial glands
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28
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A
  1. Papillary: nourishes and supports epidermis

2. Reticular: detects sensory input and thermoregulates

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29
Q

Which layer does dermatitis primarily involve?

A

Papillary layer

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30
Q

What epithelial tissue is the papillary layer made of?

A

Areolar tissue

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31
Q

What epithelial tissue is the reticular layer made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers)

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32
Q

Tension lines

A

The pattern made from fiber bundles in the skin

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33
Q

Why do surgeons cut parallel to tension lines?

A

Cuts will heal with little scarring

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34
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

The deeper network of arteries in the subcutaneous layer

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35
Q

Subpapillary plexus

A

The layer of small arteries in the papillary layer

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36
Q

Contusions

A

(Bruises) When dermal blood vessels are ruptured, blood leaks into the dermis

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37
Q

2 pigments of epidermis

A

Melanin and carotene

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38
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

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39
Q

What amino acid makes up melanin?

A

Tyrosine

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40
Q

Melanosomes

A

Intracellular vesicles containing melanin

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41
Q

How do melanocytes respond to UV exposure?

A

They produce more melanin

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42
Q

Where are melanosomes in keratinocytes?

A

Surrounding the nucleus, preventing damage to the DNA

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43
Q

Carotene

A

Orange yellow pigment that accumulates in epidermal cells

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44
Q

Which pigment can be converted to vitamin A?

A

Carotene

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45
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream and gives blood its red colour

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46
Q

Cyanosis

A

The bluish coloration of the skin when oxygen levels drop and hemoglobin produces lots of oxygen, turning a much darker red

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47
Q

Jaundice

A

When the liver is unable to excrete bile, a yellowish pigment accumulates in the body fluids

48
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Some tumours affecting the pituitary gland result in the secretion of large amounts of MSH which causes melanocytes to overproduce melanin

49
Q

Addison’s disease

A

The pituitary gland secretes large quantities of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which darkens the skin

50
Q

Vitiligo

A

Individuals lose melanocytes, causing white patches on the skin

51
Q

What happens when epidermal cells are exposed to a healthy amount of UV radiation?

A
  1. Epidermal cells in the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum convert a cholesterol steroid compound into vitamin D3.
  2. The liver converts vitamin D3 into an intermediary product used by the kidneys to synthesis the hormone calcitriol
52
Q

Calcitriol

A

Essential for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the small intestines (important for bone maintenance and growth)

53
Q

Metastasis

A

When cancer spreads to distance body sites

54
Q

ABCDE melanoma detection

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolving
55
Q

Rickets

A

Disease caused by vitamin D3 deficiency that results in the bending of abnormally weak and flexible bones

56
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Sensory nerves surrounding the base of each hair follicle

57
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

When stimulated, it contracts, pulling the hair follicle and forcing the hair to stand erect

58
Q

Hair root

A

The portion that anchors the hair into the skin

59
Q

Hair shaft

A

Extends from halfway under the skin surface and protrudes out

60
Q

Medulla

A

Core of the hair contain a flexible soft keratin

61
Q

Cortex

A

Contains thick layers of hard keratin which gives the hair its stiffness

62
Q

Cuticle

A

Although thin, is very tough, and it contains hard keratin

63
Q

Hair bulb

A

The bulging base of the hair follicle

64
Q

Hair papilla

A

A peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves

65
Q

Hair matrix

A

Layer of epithelial cells at the base of the hair bulb in contact with the hair papilla

66
Q

How does hair grow?

A

Basal cells of the hair matrix divide, producing daughter cells that are gradually pushed to the surface

67
Q

Hair growth cycle

A

As hair grows, the root is firmly attached to the matrix of the follicle. At the end of the growth cycle, the follicle becomes inactive and the hair is termed a club hair. The follicle gets smaller and over time the connections between the hair matrix and the club hair root break down. When another cycle begins, the follicle produces a new hair and the old club hair is pushed to the surface and shed.

68
Q

Internal root sheath

A

Surrounds the hair root and the deeper portion of the shaft. The cells of this sheath disintegrate quickly.

69
Q

External root sheath

A

Extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix

70
Q

Glassy membrane

A

Thickened, clear layer wrapped in the dense connective tissue sheath of the follicle as a whole

71
Q

Lanugo hairs

A

Hairs that appear after 3 months of embryonic development:

  • Extremely fine
  • Unpigmented
  • Shed before birth
72
Q

Vellus hairs

A

Peach fuzz

73
Q

Terminal hairs

A

Heavy, deeply pigmented hairs e.g. head hair, eyebrows, eyelashes

74
Q

Type of hair before and after puberty

A

Before: vellus
After: Terminal

75
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine glands that discharge sebum into hair follicles

76
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

A process that involves the rupture of secretory cells

77
Q

Release of sebum

A
  1. The sebum released from gland cells enters the lumen of the gland
  2. The arrector pili muscles that erect the hair then contract, squeezing the sebaceous gland and forcing the sebum into the hair follicle and onto the surface on the skin
78
Q

Composition of sebum

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and electrolytes

79
Q

Functions of sebum

A
  1. Inhibits growth of bacteria
  2. Lubricates and protects the hair shaft
  3. Conditions the surrounding skin
80
Q

Sebaceous follicles

A

Large sebaceous glands that are not associated with hair follicles. Instead, their ducts discharge directly onto the epidermis

81
Q

Where are sebaceous follicles located?

A

Face, back, chest, nipples and external genitalia

82
Q

Vernix caseosa

A

A protective superficial layer made of sebaceous gland secretions and shed epidermal cells that coats the skin surface in fetuses

83
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis

A

Inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands, most often in the scalp

84
Q

Cradle cap

A

Mild cases of seborrheic dermatitis in infants

85
Q

Location of apocrine sweat glands

A

In the armpits, around the nipples and in the pubic region

86
Q

What method of secretion do apocrine sweat glands use?

A

Merocrine (despite the name)

87
Q

Secretions of apocrine glands

A

Sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion

88
Q

Where do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Into hair follicles

89
Q

Where do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Directly onto the surface of the skin

90
Q

Secretions of apocrine glands

A

Sweat (99% water and sodium chloride)

91
Q

Functions of eccrine sweat glands

A
  1. Cooling surface of the skin to reduce body temp.
  2. Excreting water and electrolytes
  3. Providing protection from environmental hazards (flushing from surface or dermicidin)
92
Q

2 other integumentary glands

A
  1. Mammary glands

2. Ceruminous glands

93
Q

Where are ceruminous glands found?

A

In the passageway of the external ear

94
Q

Cerumen

95
Q

What controls the activation of sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands?

A

Automatic nervous system

96
Q

Function of nails

A
  1. Protect exposed dorsal surfaces of the tips of fingers and toes
  2. Limit distortion of the digits from mechanical stress
97
Q

Nail body

A

Visible portion of the nail

98
Q

Nail bed

A

Epidermis under nail body

99
Q

Lateral nail grooves

A

Depression on side of nail body

100
Q

Lateral nail folds

A

Folded over skin at border of nail body

101
Q

Free edge

A

Distal portion of nails that continues past nail bed

102
Q

Hyponchium

A

Area of thickened stratum corneum

103
Q

Nail root

A

Epidermal fold where nail production takes place

104
Q

Eponychium

105
Q

Lunula

A

Obscured blood vessels forming a pale crescent

106
Q

Composition of the body of the nail

A

Dead, tightly compressed cells packed with keratin

107
Q

Repair to injury to the intehument

A
  1. Inflammation phase (immediately): bleeding, mast cells trigger inflammatory response
  2. Migration phase (after several hours): scab forms, stratum basale cells migrate along edges of wound, phagocytes remove debris, and clotting isolates region
  3. Proliferation phase (after a week): scab undermined by epidermal cells migrating over collagen fibre meshwork produced by fibroblasts, phagocytic activity has stopped and fibrin clot is dissolving
  4. Scarring phase (after several weeks): scab shed, shallow depression and scar tissue
108
Q

Composition of blood clot

A

Mainly insoluble network of fibrin

109
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network at the base of the wound

110
Q

Keloid

A

Thick, raised area of scar tissue

111
Q

First degree burn

A
  • Only the surface of the epidermis is damaged
  • Most sunburns
  • Erythema (red and painful skin)
112
Q

Second degree burn

A
  • The entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged
  • Blistering, pain and swelling
113
Q

Third degree burn

A
  • Epidermis and dermis are destroyed, extending into subcutaneous layer
  • Sensory nerves destroyed = less painful than 2nd
  • Skin grafting necessary
114
Q

Estimation of burn surface area

A

Rule of nines

115
Q

Why are burns that cover more than 20% of the skin surface life threatening?

A

They affect:

  1. Fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Protection from infection
116
Q

Effects of ageing on the skin

A
  • Integument thins
  • Blood flow decreases
  • Cellular activity decreases
  • Repair takes place more slowly

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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