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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Tissue Level of Organisation > Flashcards

The Tissue Level of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialised cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands
  2. Connective tissue: fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material within the body, and stores energy
  3. Muscle tissue: specialised for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs
  4. Nervous tissue: carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses
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4
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelia (layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces) and glands (structures that produce fluid secretions, attached to or derived from the epithelia)

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5
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. To provide physical protection
  2. To control permeability
  3. To provide sensation
  4. To produce specialised secretions
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6
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

An epithelium that is specialised to perform a particular sensory function

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7
Q

Gland cells

A

Epithelial cells that produce secretions

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8
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Polarity (structural/function differences between the exposed, apical surface and the attached, basal surface)
  2. Cellularity (closely bound to other cells)
  3. Attachment (bound to basement membrane
  4. Avascularity (lacking blood vessels)
  5. Regeneration (continually replaced)
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9
Q

Cell junctions

A

Interconnections between cells

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10
Q

Specialisation of epithelial cells

A
  1. Movement of fluids over the epithelial surface, providing protection and lubrication
  2. Movement of fluids through the epithelium to control permeability
  3. The production of secretions that provide physical protection or act as chemical messengers
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11
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Motile cilia present

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12
Q

How is the physical integrity of the epithelium maintained?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
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13
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Transmembrane proteins that connect opposing plasma membranes

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14
Q

3 common types of cell junctions

A
  1. Gap junctions (cells held together by connexons)
  2. Tight junctions (lipid portion of two interlocking membrane proteins tightly bound together)
  3. Desosomes (CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes)
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15
Q

Lumen

A

Passageways lined by epithelial cells

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16
Q

Two types of desosomes

A
  1. Spot desmosomes (small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments)
  2. Hemidesmosomes (attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane)
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17
Q

Basic shapes of epithelial cells

A
  1. Squamous (thin and flat)
  2. Cuboidal (boxes)
  3. Columnar (tall and slender rectangles)
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18
Q

Epithelial cell layers

A
  1. Simple epithelium (one layer covers the basement membrane)
  2. Stratified epithelium (several layers cover the basement membrane)
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19
Q

Where are simple epithelial cells found?

A

They line the internal compartments and passageways of the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities; the heart chambers; and blood vessels
Additionally, they are found where secretion or absorption occurs e.g. the lining of the intestines and gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs

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20
Q

Where are stratified epithelial cells found?

A

In areas that are exposed to mechanical/chemical stresses e.g. the surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth

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21
Q

Functions of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Reduces friction
  2. Controls vessel permeability
  3. Performs absorption and secretion

e.g. alveoli, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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22
Q

Mesothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart and abdominal organs

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23
Q

Endothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

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24
Q

Functions of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attacks

e.g. surface of the skin, lining of the mouth

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25
Q

Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. Limited protection
  2. Secretion and absorption

e.g. glands, ducts

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26
Q

Functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium (rare)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion and absorption

e.g. lining of some ducts (rare)

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27
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Unusual stratified epithelium in which cells change between squamous and cuboidal shape

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28
Q

Functions of transitional epithelium

A

Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage

e.g. urinary bladder, ureters

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29
Q

Functions of the columnar epithelium

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion and absorption

e.g. lining of the stomach, intestine

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30
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

A columnar epithelium that includes serval types of cells with varying shapes and functions
Not truly stratified because each epithelial cell contacts the basement membrane

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31
Q

Functions of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Moves mucous with cilia

e.g. lining of nasal cavity, trachea

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32
Q

Function of the sratified columnar epithelia

A

Protection

e.g. epiglottis, anus

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33
Q

Glands

A

Collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions

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34
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Epithelia containing gland cells

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35
Q

Two types of glands

A
  1. Endocrine glands - release hormones into the blood

2. Exocrine glands - release secretions onto epithelial surfaces usually via ducts

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36
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

Consist of single cells called goblet cells that secrete mucin (mucin + water = mucous)

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37
Q

What determines whether a cell is classified as a mucous cell or a goblet cell?

A

Their location:
Goblet - scattered among the absorptive cells in the columnar epithelium of the small and large intestines
Mucous - scattered among other epithelial tissue

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38
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Consist of glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions

39
Q

Characteristics of exocrine glands

A
  1. Simple (single duct) vs compound (the duct divides)
  2. Straight tubular vs coiled tubular vs alveolar (pockets) vs tubulo-alveolar (both)
  3. Branched (several secretory areas share a duct)
40
Q

Methods of exocrine cell secretion

A
  1. Merocrine secretion - through secretory vesicles in exocytosis e.g. cells in salivary glands
  2. Apocrine secretion - apical portion of cytoplasm packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed e.g. cells in mammary glands
  3. Holocrine secretions - superficial cell in stratified glandular epithelium becomes packed with a sceretory vesicle and burst, releasing secretion but killing the cell e.g. cells in sebaceous glands
41
Q

Most common method of exocrine secretion

A

Merocrine secretion (exocytosis)

42
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Serous glands - secrete a watery solution containing enzymes
  2. Mucous glands - secrete mucin
  3. Mixed exocrine glands - contain more than 1 type of gland cell
43
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  1. Specialised cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Ground substance
44
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Structural framework
  2. Transporting fluids/dissolved materials
  3. Protecting delicate organs
  4. Supporting other tissue
  5. Storing energy
  6. Defending the body
45
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper (many types of cells and fibres in ground substance)
  2. Fluid connective tissue (distinctive cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins)
  3. Supporting connective tissue (less diverse cell popular than CTP and matrix containing much more densely packed fibres)
46
Q

What is the only cell always present in connective tissue proper?

A

Fibroblasts

47
Q

Connective tissue proper cell populations

A
  1. Fibroblasts (secrete hyaluronan and proteins)
  2. Fibrocytes (maintain connective tissue fibres of CTP)
  3. Adipocytes (fat cells)
  4. Mesenchymal cells (stem cells that respond to local injury/infection)
  5. Melanocytes (synthesise and store melanin)
  6. Macrophages
  7. Mast cells (release histamine and heparin)
  8. Lymphocytes (may develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies)
  9. Microphages
48
Q

Fibers of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Collagen (make up tendons)
  2. Reticular (form a stroma which stabilises relative position of functional cells of organs
  3. Elastic (make up elastic ligaments)
49
Q

Ground substance in connnective tissue proper

A

Viscous, making it difficult for bacteria to move through

50
Q

Types of loose connective tissue (CTP)

A
  1. Embryonic/mesenchyme (1st CT to appear in embyro)
  2. Areolar (padding, movement, elasticity)
  3. Adipose (padding, shock absorption, insulation, energy storage)
  4. Reticular (supporting framework)
51
Q

White fat

A

Most adipose tissue in the body

52
Q

Brown fat

A

Highly vascularised adipose tissue between shoulder blades and around the neck in children

53
Q

What kind of tissue is removed in liposuction?

A

Adipose tissue

54
Q

Types of dense connective tissue (CTP)

A
  1. Dense regular (between skeleton/muscles)
  2. Dense irregular (prevents overexpansion and resists forces)
  3. Elastic (stabilises positions, cushion shocks, permits expansion/contraction)
55
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are packed tightly, parallel to each other, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue

56
Q

Tendons

A

Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones

57
Q

Ligaments

A

Cords of dense regular connective tissue that attach one bone to another

58
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton

59
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

The fibers form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern - strengthen and support areas subject to stresses from many directions

60
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue made up of mainly elastic fibers
When elastic fibers outnumber collagen, the tissue is springy and resilient

61
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs

62
Q

Superficial fascia

A
  • Between skin and underlying organs

- Aerolar tissue and adipose tissue

63
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • Bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Form aa strong, fibrous internal framework
64
Q

Subserous fascia

A
  • Between serous membranes and deep fascia

- Areolar tissue

65
Q

Blood and lymph

A

Fluid connective tissue

66
Q

Plasma

A

Watery matrix in blood

67
Q

3 types of formed elements

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
68
Q

3 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid

A
  1. Interstitial fluid
  2. Plasma
  3. Lymph
69
Q

Artieries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

70
Q

Capilliaries

A

Smallest blood vessel

71
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

72
Q

Lymph

A

Forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes monitor it, and then the lymph gets returned to the large veins near the heart
Circulation of lymph maintains nutrient, waste, toxin, blood volume levels and prevents infection

73
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm gel that contains condroitin sulfates (form complexes with proteins in the ground substance, producing proteoglycans

74
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells that occupy small chambers called lacunae

75
Q

Which type of connective tissue is avascular?

A

Cartilage

76
Q

Perichondrium

A

Separates the cartilage from surrounding layers

77
Q

2 layers of pericondrium

A

Outer, fibrous region of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner, cellular layer

78
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline (stiff but somewhat flexible support)
  2. Elastic (support but elastic)
  3. Fibrocartilage (limits movement, resists compression)
79
Q

Types of cartilage growth

A
  1. Interstitial growth - enlarges the cartilage from within (chondrocytes divide and produce more matrix)
  2. Appositional growth - gradually increases the size of the cartilage by adding to its outer surface
80
Q

How much of the matrix of bone is calcified?

A

Two thirds (the rest is collagen)

81
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells contained in the lacunae of the matrix

82
Q

Canaliculi

A

Slender passageways in the matrix that form a branching network for the exchange of materials between blood vessels, interstitial fluid and osteocytes

83
Q

Periosteum

A

A covering composed of fibrous and cellular layers that covers the surface of bone (except in joint cavities)

84
Q

What covers the bones in joint cavities

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage

85
Q

4 types of tissue membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes - passageways open to exterior
  2. Serous membranes - sealed internal cavities of the trunk
  3. Cutaneous membrane - skin that covers surface of the body
  4. Synovial membranes - inner surface of capsule of synovial joint and secrets synovial fluid
86
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal - multinucleate (many nuclei)
  2. Cardiac - single nucleus, circulates blood
  3. Smooth - moves food, urine and secretions
87
Q

Myosatellite cells

A

Stem cells that divide to produce new skeletal muscle fibers

88
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Specialised regions connecting cardiac muscle tissue

89
Q

Striated voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

90
Q

Striated involuntary muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

91
Q

Nonstriated involuntary muscle

A

Smooth muscle

92
Q

2 types of cell in nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

93
Q

Inflammation

A

A process that isolates the injured area while damage cells, tissue components, and any dangerous microorganisms which could cause infection are cleaned up

94
Q

Regeration

A

The process that restores normal function after inflammation has subsided

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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