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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cell body

A

Contains a large, round nucleus with a nucleolus

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2
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm of neuron

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton of neuron

A

Neurofilaments and neurotubules

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4
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Bundles of neurofilaments that extend into dendrites and axons

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5
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes

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6
Q

Grey matter

A

Areas containing neuron bodies

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Extend and branch out from the cell body

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8
Q

Axon

A

Propagates an action potential

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9
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the axon

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10
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of the axon

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11
Q

Initial segment

A

Base of the axon

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12
Q

Axon hillock

A

Thickened region

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13
Q

Collaterals

A

Side branches that enable a single neuron to communicate with several other cells

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14
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions

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15
Q

Synapse

A

Where a neuron communicates with another cell

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16
Q

Axonal (axoplasmic) transport

A

Movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals

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17
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Cell body to axon terminal carried by kinesin

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18
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Axon terminal to cell body carried by dynein

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19
Q

Passive chemical gradients

A

K+ high inside
Na+ high outside

Both move through leak channels along chemical gradient

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20
Q

Active Na+/K+ pumps

A

Maintain the concentration of gradients of sodium across the plasma membrane

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21
Q

Passive electrical gradients

A

K+ leaves more quickly than Na+ enters

More positive outside p.m and negative inside = electrical gradient

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22
Q

Current

A

Movement of charges to eliminate a potential differences

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23
Q

Resistance

A

A measure of how much the membrane restricts ion movement

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24
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting on an ion across the plasma membrane - potential energy

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25
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ions across the plasma membrane

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26
Q

Resting membrane potential for most neurons

A

-70mV

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27
Q

Leak channels

A

Passive ion channels that are always open

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28
Q

Gated channels

A

Active channels that open and close in response to specific stimuli

29
Q

3 classes of gated channels

A

Open or close in response to:

  1. Chemically (ligand)-gated: bind to specific ligands
  2. Voltage-gated: changes in membrane potential
  3. Mechanically gated: physical distortion
30
Q

3 states of voltage-gated channels

A
  1. Closed but capable of opening
  2. Open (activated)
  3. Closed and incapable of opening (inactive)
31
Q

Graded potentials

A

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation

32
Q

Chemically gated sodium ion channels

A
  1. Depolarisation: Na+ enters cell, membrane potential becomes more positive
  2. Local current: Na+ outside move towards open channels, parallel movement of inner and outer surfaces
  3. Repolarisation: restoration of normal membrane potential after depolarisation
33
Q

Gated potassium ion channels

A
  1. Hyperpolarisation: K+ flows out of cell, inside becomes more negative than outside, increase in negativity of resting membrane potential
  2. Local current
34
Q

Action potentials

A

Nerve impulses

35
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential at which an action potential begins

36
Q

Typical axon threshold

A

-60mV to -55mV

37
Q

All-or-none principle

A

A stimulus either triggers a typical action potential or none at all

38
Q

Generation of action potential

A
  1. Graded depolarisation to threshold that opens voltage-gated sodium channels (-60mV)
  2. Activation of sodium ion channels and rapid depolarisation (+10mV)
  3. Inactivation of sodium ion channels and activation of potassium ion channels starts repolarisation (+30mV)
  4. Time lag in potassium ion channels closure leads to temporary hyperpolarisation (-90mV)
39
Q

Refractory period

A

Period when the plasma membrane doesn’t respond normally to additional depolarising stimuli from the time an action potential begins until the resting membrane potential has been established

40
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels either are already open and or are inactivated

41
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Requires larger than normal stimulus

42
Q

Continuous propagation

A

Unmyelinated axon

Action potential spreads by depolarising adjacent region of axon membrane

43
Q

Saltatory propagation

A

Myelinated axon

Action potential jumps = much faster

44
Q

Classes of axon

A

Type A fibres: largest myelinated
Type B fibres: smaller myelinated
Type C fibres: unmyelinated

45
Q

Electrical synapses

A

There is direct physical contact between the cells

Pre and postsynaptic membranes joined by gap junctions

46
Q

Chemical synapses

A

One neuron sends chemical signals to another cell

47
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Separates the two cells

48
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between a neuron and skeletal muscle cell

49
Q

Neuroglandular junction

A

Neuron that controls or regulates the activity of a secretory cell

50
Q

Cholinergic synapses

A

Synapses that release ACh

51
Q

Synaptic delay

A

Occurs because calcium ion influx and the release of neurotransmitter takes a while

52
Q

Choline

A

Released during the breakdown of ACh in the synaptic cleft

Reabsorbed and recycled by the axon terminal

53
Q

Synaptic fatigue

A

Occurs when stores of ACh are exhausted

54
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause depolarisation and promote the generation of action potentials

55
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Cause hyperpolarisation and suppress the generation of action potentials

56
Q

What determines the effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

The properties of the receptor, not the neurotransmitter

57
Q

Adrenergic synpases

A

Release norepinephrine (NE)

58
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Has an excitatory depolarising effect on the postsynaptic membrane

59
Q

Neuromodulates

A

Influence postsynaptic cell’s response to neurotransmitters

60
Q

Information processing

A

Excitatory and inhibitory stimuli are integrated through interactions between postsynaptic potentials

61
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

A depolarisation caused by a neurotransmitter

62
Q

Summation

A

Individual EPSPs combine

63
Q

Temporal summation

A

Occurring at a single synapse when a second EPSP arrives before the effects of the first have disappeared

64
Q

Spatial summation

A

Resulting from the cumulative effects of multiple synapses at various location

65
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane

66
Q

Most important determinants of neural activity

A

EPSP-IPSP interactions

67
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

GABA released at an axoaxonic synapse inhibits the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels in the axon terminal, reducing the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal

68
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Activity at an axoaxonic synapse increases the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, prolongs the effects of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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