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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > Bones and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Bones and Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Mineral and lipid storage
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage
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3
Q

Sutural bones

A

Small, flat bones found between flat bones of skull

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes that form spinal columns, bones of pelvis, several bones in skull

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Boxlike e.g. carpal and tarsal bones

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, parallel surface that protect soft tissue

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7
Q

Long bones

A

Long, slender bones like arm, forearms and thighs

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small, round, flat e.g. patella

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9
Q

Projections

A

Where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where adjacent bones form joints

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10
Q

Openings and depressions

A

Where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate the bone

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Extender tubular shaft of long bone made of compact bone

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded area at the ends of long bones made of spongy bone

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13
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow zone joining diaphysis and epiphysis

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14
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central space in long bone

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A

Consists of an open network of struts and plates

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16
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense and solid bone

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17
Q

Bone tissue

A

Supporting connective tissue

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18
Q

Why is the bone matrix very dense?

A

Due to deposits of calcium salts around the protein fibres

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19
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In pockets called lacunae in the bone matrix

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20
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow passageways through the bone matrix

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the outer surfaces of the bone except at joints

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22
Q

What makes up almost two-thirds of the weight of bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

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23
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Crystals formed from calcium phophate and calcium hydroxide

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24
Q

Calcium phosphate

A

Hard but inflexible and brittle crystals

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25
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Stronger than calcium phosphate and also flexible

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26
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells whose divisions produce osteoblasts

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27
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found?

A

Inner, cellular layer of the periosteum

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28
Q

Which bone cells are important in repair of fractures?

A

Osteogenic cells

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29
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines medullary cavities and passageways for blood vessels that penetrate the matrix of compact bone

30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis by making proteins and other organic components of the matrix

31
Q

Osteoid

A

The organic bone matrix made by osteoblasts before calcium salts are deposited

32
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population

33
Q

Lacuna

A

Pockets sandwiched between layers of matrix

Each osteocyte occupies a lacuna

34
Q

Can osteocytes divide?

A

No

35
Q

How do osteocytes exchange nutrients and hormones?

A

Gap junctions

36
Q

Functions of osteocytes

A
  1. Maintain protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix
  2. Take part in the repair of damaged bone
37
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Absorb and remove bone matrix

38
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Osteoclastic crypts

39
Q

Osteolysis

A

The erosion process of the bone matrix

40
Q

Function of compact bone

A

To protect, support, and resist stress

41
Q

Function of spongy bone

A

Provides some support and stores marrow

42
Q

Osteon

A

Basic functional unit of mature compact bone

43
Q

Central canal

A

Contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon
They run parallel to the surface of the bone

44
Q

Perforating canals

A

Extend perpendicular to the surface containing blood vessels that supply blood both to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity

45
Q

Lamellae

A

Bone matrix layers

46
Q

When is compact bone thickest?

A

When stresses are applied from a limited number of directions (all osteons in compact bone are aligned the same)

47
Q

Are osteons present in spongy bone?

A

No

48
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • A meshwork of supporting bundles of fibres formed by the matrix in spongy bone
  • Supports and protects bone marrow
49
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

Where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses originate from many directions

50
Q

Are there capillaries or venules in the matrix of spongy bone?

A

No

51
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Spongy bone within the epiphyses of long bones

52
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Stores adipose tissue

53
Q

Composition of the periosteum

A

Fibrous outer layer and inner cellular layer

54
Q

2 surface coverings of the bone

A

Periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner)

55
Q

Ossification

A

The physical process of bone formation and bone growth

56
Q

Calcification

A

Deposition of calcium salts during ossification

57
Q

Calcified tissue

A

Results from calcification taking place in tissues other than the bone

58
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone replaces existing cartilage and then bone growth occurs through interstitial growth (in length) and appositional growth (in width)

59
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue

60
Q

Where does endochondral ossification mostly occur?

A

In long bones

61
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification mostly occur?

A

In flat bones

62
Q

3 major sets of blood vessels in typical bones

A
  1. Nutrient artery and vein
  2. Metaphyseal vessel
  3. Perisoteal vessel
63
Q

Hormones

A

Calcitriol/calcitonin - calcium and phosphate ion absorption

Growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones, parathyroid hormones - stimulate osteoblasts

64
Q

Calcium and neurons/mucle cells

A

Calcium ions increase by 30% - unresponsive

Calcium ions decrease by 35% - overexcitable

65
Q

2 hormones that maintain calcium ion homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

66
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium ion levels

67
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduces osteoclast activity, decreasing blood calcium ion levels

68
Q

2 types of fractures

A

Open (compound): project through the skin

Closed (simple): completely internal

69
Q

Repair of a fracture

A
  1. Fracture hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation
  3. Spongy bone formation
  4. Compact bone formation
70
Q

Osteopenia

A

Inadequate ossification that happens with ageing

71
Q

Osteoporosis

A

When the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function

72
Q

Osteoclast-activating factor

A

A chemical released by by cancers of the bone marrow, breast, or other tissues producing severe osteoporosis

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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