Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Extensive SA for gas exchange
  2. Moving air
  3. Protecting surfaces
  4. Producing sounds
  5. Detecting odours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Respiratory tract

A

The passageways that carry air to and from the lung exchange surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conducting portion

A

Begins at the entrance to the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and larger bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory portion

A

Smallest, thinnest bronchioles and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of respiratory mucosa

A

To provide a series of filtration mechanisms that make up the respiratory defence system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the respiratory defence system protect surfaces from?

A

Debris or pathogens inhaled in air that could damage the surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of respiratory mucosa

A

Epithelium and underlying areolar layer lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which upper respiratory components contain mucous glands in the lamina propria?

A

Trachea and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Respiratory mucosa of the trachea

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitial layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is in the lamina propria of the conducting portions of the lower respiratory system?

A

Bundles of smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the smooth muscles do in the bronchioles?

A

Form thick bands that encircle the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cells lining nasal cavity and superior portion of pharynx

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cells lining inferior portion of the pharynx and oral cavity

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are the cells lining inferior portion of the pharynx stratified squamous epithelium?

A

This portion conducts air to the larynx and carries food to oesophagus so it needs protection from abrasion and chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Superior portion of the lower respiratory system and nasal cavity

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Smaller bronchioles

A

Cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Exchange surface of the alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alveolar epithelium

A

The alveolar simple squamous epithelium and specialised cells scattered among the squamous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do mucous glands produce?

A

Sticky mucus that bathes exposed surfaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

In the nasal cavity, cilia sweep mucus toward the pharynx where it is swallowed and exposed to stomach acids and enzymes

In the lower respiratory system, the cilia beat toward the pharynx, moving a carpet of mucus in that direction and cleaning the respiratory surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Results from an infection of the lungs by a bacteria which may colonise respiratory passageways, interstitial spaces, the alveoli or a combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

Respiratory mucosa produces dense, viscous mucus that can’t be transported by the respiratory defence system
Mucociliary escalator stops working - frequent infections
Mucus blocks smaller respiratory passageways so breathing is difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nasal vestibule

A

The space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nasal septum

A

Formed by the fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer
Anterior portion is formed of hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dorsum of nose

A

Bridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Apex of nose

A

Tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity

A

Maxillae, nasal bone, frontal bone, ethmoid and sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Sinuses of the frontal bone, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillae and palatine bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Olfactory region

A

Superior portion of the nasal cavity

  1. Interior surface of the cribiform plate
  2. Superior portion of nasal septum
  3. Superior nasal conchae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What gives us our sense of smell?

A

Receptors in olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Choanae

A

Openings of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

A

Air flows between adjacent conchae to pass from vestibule to the choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Superior, middle and inferior nasal meatuses

A

Narrow grooves between chonchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Purposes of nasal turbulence

A
  • Small airborne particles are likely to come into contact with mucus
  • Extra time for warming and humidifying air
  • Creates circular air currents that bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hard palate (bony)

A

Made up of portions of the paired maxillae and palatine bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What separates nasal cavity from oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Soft palate (fleshy)

A

Marks the boundary between superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does the nasal cavity open into the nasopharynx?

A

At the choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Functions of the nasal mucosa

A
  1. Traps particles
  2. Warms and humidifies incoming air
  3. Dehumidifies and absorbs heat of outgoing air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why do patients breathing on a respirator need to receive air that has been externally filtered and humidified?

A

Since they are not breathing through their nasal cavity and thus they do not receive warmed and humidified air (dangerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nose bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where does the pharynx extend?

A

Between the choanae and entrances to the larynx and oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Wall of the pharynx

A

Superior and posterior: closely bound to axial skeleton

Lateral walls: flexible and muscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Superior portion
  • Ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall
  • Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube on each side of pharyngeal tonsil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Between soft palate and base of the tongue
  • Continuous with the oral cavity
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Inferior portion
  • Between the hyoid bone and entrance to the larynx and oesophagus
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Glottis

A

Slit like opening between the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Larynx

A
  • Cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

- C4 or 5 to C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

3 unpaired cartilages of larynx

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Cricoid cartilage
  3. Epiglottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Largest
  • U shaped
  • Adam’s apple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Most inferior
  • Expanded to provide support where there’s no thyroid cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Functions of thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A
  • Protect the glottis and entrance to trachea

- Broad surfaces provide sites for attachment for ligament and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Forms a lid over glottis
  • Prevents liquids and solids from entering respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

3 pairs of smaller hyaline cartilages of larynx

A
  1. Arytenoid
  2. Corniculate
  3. Cuneiform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What binds the laryngeal cartilages?

A

Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What surrounds the glottis?

A

Vestibular folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What makes up the glottis?

A

Vocal folds = vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Space between vocal folds

A

Rima glottidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Function of vestibular folds

A

Help prevent foreign objects from entering the open glottis and protect more inferior, delicate vocal folds of glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Muscles of the larynx

A
  1. Muscles of the neck and pharynx - stabilise larynx

2. Smaller intrinsic muscles - control tension in glottal vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Bolus

A

Pasty mass of food before swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Phonation

A

Sound production at the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Articulation

A

Modification of those sounds by voluntary movements of structures like tongue teeth and lips to form words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How do we produce sounds?

A

Air passing through our open glottis vibrates its vocal folds and produces sound waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What controls the pitch of the sound?

A

Diameter, length and tension in the vocal cords

Tension is controlled by voluntary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Laryngitis

A

Infection or inflammation of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Swelling caused by bacterial or viral infections

Dangerous - could cause suffocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where does the trachea extend?

A

Begins anterior to vetebra c6

Ends mediastinum, vetebra t5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the epithelium of the trachea continuous with?

A

The epithelium of the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Submucosa

A

A thick layer of connective tissue surrounds the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Tracheal glands

A
  • Contained within submucosa

- Secretes mucous that reach tracheal lumen through short ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Functions of tracheal cartilages

A
  • Stiffen tracheal walls
  • Protect the airway
  • Prevent it from collapsing or over-expanding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Tracheal cartilages

A
  • C shaped

- Discontinuous with tracheal wall so can easily distort when swallowing, allowing large masses to pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Annular ligament and trachealis

A

Connect the ends of each tracheal cartilage

80
Q

Trachealis

A

Band of smooth muscle

81
Q

What reduces the diameter of the trachea?

A

Trachealis

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

82
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Left and right main bronchus > lobar bronchi

83
Q

Carina of trachea

A

Ridge that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi

84
Q

Which main bronchus is larger in diameter?

85
Q

Which lung is slightly larger?

86
Q

Lobes of lungs

A

Right: Superior, middle and inferior (3 lobar bronchi)
Left: Superior and inferior (2 lobar bronchi)

87
Q

Segmental bronchi

A
  • Branch from lobar bronchi

- Supply air to bronchopulmonary segment

88
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

Specific region of one lung

89
Q

Number of bronchopulmonary segment

A

Right: 10
Left: 10 during development and then 8 or 9

90
Q

Cartilage and smooth muscle in bronchi

A

Main, lobar and segmental bronchi contain progressively less cartilage
As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases

91
Q

Bronchitis

A

During an infection, bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed and constricted

92
Q

Bronchioles

A

Form from segmental bronchus

93
Q

Bronchiole walls

A

Lack cartilage

Dominated by smooth muscle tissue

94
Q

How does the ANS control the luminal diameter of the bronchioles?

A

By regulating smooth muscle layer
Sympathetic: bronchodilation
Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction

95
Q

Asthma

A

Excessive stimulation of smooth muscles in bronchioles cause mucosa to form a series of folds

96
Q

Pulmonary lobule

A

Each terminal bronchiole delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule

97
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

Deliver air to gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Within the lobule, the terminal bronchiole branches to form several respiratory bronchiole

98
Q

What lines the terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Only scattered cilia and no mucous cells or underlying mucous glands

99
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Connect respiratory bronchioles and individual alveoli

100
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs

Common chambers connected to individual alveoli

101
Q

What surrounds capillaries associated with alveoli?

A

Elastic fibres which help maintain relative positions of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

102
Q

What reduces the size of the alveoli during exhalation?

A

Elastic fibres surrounding capillaries

103
Q

Alveolar cell layer

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells called pneumocytes type I

104
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Patrol the epithelial surfaces and engulf any particles that have eluded other defences

105
Q

Pneumocytes type II

A

Scattered among the squamous cells

Produce surfactant

106
Q

Surfactant

A

Oily secretion containing phospholipids and proteins

Helps keep alveoli open by reducing surface tension in thin layer of water coating alveolar surface

107
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

When pneumocytes type II don’t produce enough surfactant and the alveoli collapse after each exhalation, making it difficult to breathe

108
Q

Blood air barrier

A

Where gas exchange occurs

109
Q

3 layers of blood air barrier

A
  1. The alveolar cell layer
  2. The capillary endothelial layer
  3. The fused basement membrane between them
110
Q

Why can gas exchange take place quickly at the blood air barrier?

A
  1. Only a very short distance separates alveolar air from blood
  2. Oxygen and CO2 are small lipid-soluble molecules
  3. SA of the blood air barrier is large
111
Q

Pneumonia

A

Develops from an infection or inflammation-causing particle
Inflammation occurs, fluid leaks into alveoli, respiratory bronchioles swell, narrowing passageways
Breathing is difficult

112
Q

What makes pneumonia more likely?

A
  • Epithelial damage from smoking

- Breakdown of immune system in AIDS

113
Q

Lobes and fissuresof the lungs

A

Right: superior, middle and inferior (separated by horizontal and oblique fissures)

Left: superior and inferior (separated by oblique fissure)

114
Q

Why is the right lung broader than the left?

A

Because most of the heart and great vessels project into the left thoracic cavity

115
Q

Which lung is longer?

116
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Indents the medial margin of the left lung

117
Q

Hilum

A

Groove on the mediastinal surface of each lung where each main bronchus travels along
Also provides entry to pulmonary vessels, nerves and lymphatics

118
Q

Root of the lung

A

Complex of dense connective tissue

Attaches to the mediastinum and fixes the position of the major nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

119
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional cells

120
Q

Trabeculae

A

Connective tissues of the root of each lung

Branch to form small partitions

121
Q

Interlobular septa

A

Divide the lung into pulmonary lobules

122
Q

What is the is the interlobular septa continuous with?

A

Visceral pleura, serous membrane covering the lungs

123
Q

Where do the respiratory exchange surfaces receive blood from?

A

Arteries of the pulmonary circuit

124
Q

Where does the conducting portion of the the respiratory tract receive blood from?

A

Bronchial arteries

125
Q

Venous blood from bronchial capillaries

A

Dilutes oxygenated alveolar blood within the pulmonary veins

126
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

When a branch of a pulmonary artery stops blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli
After a few hours the alveoli will collapse

127
Q

What separates the two pleural cavities?

A

Mediastinum

128
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane lining pleural cavity

129
Q

Layers of the pleura

A

Visceral and parietal

130
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Moist, slippery coating the lubricates the pleurae

131
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Sampling procedure where a long needle obtains pleural fluid to check for bacteria, blood cells, etc.

132
Q

Pleurisy

A

Condition when pleural fluid doesn’t prevent friction between pleural surfaces

133
Q

External respiration

A

All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body’s interstitial fluids and external environment

134
Q

Function of external respiration

A

To meet respiratory demands of cells

135
Q

Internal respiration

A

Absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by those cells

136
Q

Integrated steps of external respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation - physical breathing
  2. Gas diffusion - across blood air barrier
  3. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide - between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues
137
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low tissue oxygen level

138
Q

Anoxia

A

Oxygen supply cut off completely

139
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract

140
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the alveoli

141
Q

Function of pulmonary ventilation

A

Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

142
Q

Function of alveolar ventilation

A

Prevents the buildup of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

Ensures a continuous supply of oxygen that keeps pace with absorption by the blood stream

143
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Inverse relationship whereby decreasing volume of gas increases its pressure. Increasing volume of gas decreases its pressure

P = 1/V

144
Q

What holds the two pleural membranes together?

A

A fluid film

145
Q

Diaphragm contracts

A

It tenses and moves inferiorly, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing the pressure within it

146
Q

Diaphragm relaxes

A

It returns to its original position and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

147
Q

What are the pressures inside and outside of the thoracic cavity just prior to inhalation?

148
Q

What happens when the thoracic cavity enlarges?

A

Lungs expand to fill the additional space
Increase in volume decreases the pressure inside the lungs
Air then enters the respiratory passageways because P inside is lower than P outside

149
Q

What happens when the thoracic cavity decreases in volume?

A

Pressures increase inside the lungs, forcing air out of the respiratory tract

150
Q

Primary respiratory muscles

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Active during normal breathing at rest

151
Q

Accessory respiratory muscles

A

Active when the depth and frequency and breathing must be greatly increased

152
Q

Muscles used in inhalation

A
  • Contraction of diaphragm
  • Contraction of external intercostal muscles raises ribs
  • Contraction of accessory muscles help raise ribs
153
Q

Muscles used in exhalation

A
  • Internal intercostal muscle and transverus thoracis depress the ribs
  • Abdominal muscles can assist by compressing abdomen, forcing the diaphragm upward
154
Q

Quiet breathing, eupnea

A

Inhalation involves muscular contractions but exhalation is a passive process
Elastic rebound

155
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing, deep breathing

A

Contraction of the diaphragm provides necessary change in thoracic volume

156
Q

Costal breathing, shallow breathing

A

Thoracic volume changes because rib cage alters shape

External intercostal muscles raise ribs

157
Q

Forced breathing, hyperpnea

A

Active inspiratory and expiratory movements
Accessory muscles assist with inhalation
Exhalation involves contraction of internal intercostal muscles

158
Q

What happens in absolute maximum levels of forced breathing?

A

Abdominal muscles take part in exhalation by compressing the abdominal contents and pushing them up against the diaphragm, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity

159
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure inside respiratory tract, at the alveoli

160
Q

What happens to pressure gradient when you breathe heavily?

A

It increases

161
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura

162
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure that assist venous return to the heart

163
Q

Pneumothorax

A

When air enters the pleural cavity and breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae and allows the elastic fibres to recoil resulting in a collapsed lung

164
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

165
Q

Compliance

A

Measure of their expandability, or how easily the lungs expand in response to applied pressure
Lower the compliance, the greater force required to fill the lungs

166
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Number of breaths you take each minute

167
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle

168
Q

Respiratory minute volume

A

Amount of air moved each minute

Respiratory rate X tidal volume

169
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

170
Q

Anatomic dead space

A

Lagging volume of air in the conducting passages

171
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle

172
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air that you can draw into your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle

173
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle

174
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle

175
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Total volume of your lungs

176
Q

Dalton’s law

A

In a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture

177
Q

Partial pressure

A

Pressure contributed by a single gas

178
Q

Henry’s law

A

The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

179
Q

Hemoglobin saturation

A

Percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment

180
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

A

Graph that relates the hemoglobin saturation to the partial pressure of oxygen

181
Q

Bohr effect

A

Effect of pH on the hemoglobin saturation curve

182
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme catalyses the reaction of Co2 with water molecules

183
Q

2,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

A

Compound that has a direct effect on oxygen binding and release

184
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

Contained in the RBCs of a developing fetus

Much higher affinity for oxygen than mature RBCs which allows it to transfer oxygen across the placenta

185
Q

Chloride shift

A

Mass movement of chloride ions into the RBCs

186
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Compound whose formation decreases oxygen affinity to hemoglobin

187
Q

Ventilation-to-perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio)

A 
Lung perfusion (blood flow to alveoli)
Alveolar ventilation (airflow)
188
Q

Respiratory rhythmicity centers

A

Located in the medulla oblongata

Plays a key role in establishing the respiratory rate and rhythm

189
Q

Subdivisions of the respiratory rhythmicity centres

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - inspiration

Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - expiration

190
Q

When does the VRG function?

A

Only during forced breathing

191
Q

Apneustic centres and pneumotaxic centres of the pons

A

Regulate the depth and rate of respiration in response to sensory stimuli or input from other centres in the brain

192
Q

Higher centres

A

Alter the activity of the pneumotaxic centres

193
Q

Hypercapnia

A

An increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood

194
Q

Inflation reflex

A

Prevents over expansion of the lungs during forced breathing

195
Q

Deflation reflex

A

Stimulates inhalation when lungs are collapsing

196
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

197
Q

Apnea

A

A period in which respiration is suspended

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions