Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-causing organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunity

A

The ability to resist infection and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries:

  1. Closed at one end
  2. Have larger luminal diameters
  3. Have thinner walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What lines lymphatic capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells but the basement membrane is incomplete or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymph
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphoid tissues and organs
  4. Lymphoid cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Small lymphatic vessels

A
  • 3 layers

- Valves that help lymph move since limited pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two sets of lymphatic vessels

A

Superficial lymphatics and deep lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deep lymphatics

A

Larger lymphatic vessels that accompany deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and other organs of the neck, limbs, and trunk and the walls of the visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superficial lymphatics

A

In subcutaneous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Convergence of superficial and deep lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Collects lymph from the lower body and upper right body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Collects lymph from upper right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

Saclike chamber that receives lymph from the inferior part of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lymphedema

A

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

Consist of immune cells found in lymphoid tissues and the cells that support those tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages and microphages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Respond to specific invading pathogens, abnormal body cells and foreign proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classes of lymphocytes

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphoid tissues

A

Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymphoid nodule

A

The lymphocytes are densely packed in an areolar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tonsils

A

Large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils, adenoid

A

Lies in the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Left and right palatine tonsils are located at the posterior, inferior margin of the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Lie deep to the mucous epithelium covering the base of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils, especially palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Collection of lymphoid tissue that protect the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

A

Cluster of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What covers each lymph node?

A

A dense connective tissue capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Trabeculae

A

Bundles of collagen fibres that extend from the capsule into the interior of the node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hilum

A

Shallow indentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Afferent lymphatics

A
  • Bring lymph to the lymph node from peripheral tissues

- Opposite the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Efferent lymphatics

A
  • Leave the lymph node at the hilum

- Carry lymph away from the lymph node towards venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lymph flow

A

Subcapsular space > cortex > paracortex > medulla > sinuses > efferent lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Subcapsular space

A

Contains a meshwork of branching reticular fibers, macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cortex

A

Periphery of cortex contains B cells with germinal centres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Paracortex

A
  • Dominated by T cells

- Where lymphocytes leave blood stream and enter lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Medulla

A

Contains B cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lymph node function

A

Filters lymph before it reaches veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Septa

A

Fibrous partitions that divide lobes into lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Lobule

A

Consists of an outer cortex densely packed with lymphocytes and a medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lymphocytes in the cortex of the lobule

A

Form thymic corpuscules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of the thymus

A
  • The cortex contains actively diving T cells > medulla > medullary blood vessel > blood stream
  • Epithelial reticular cells maintain blood thymus barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which organ contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body?

A

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Functions of spleen

A
  1. Removing abnormal blood cells
  2. Storing iron recycled from RBCs
  3. Initiating immune responses by B and T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A

Attaches stomach to spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hilum

A

Groove marking the border between the gastric and renal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Red pulp

A

Contains large quantities of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

White pulp

A

Resembles lymphoid nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Trabecular arteries

A

Splenic artery > trabecular arteries > smaller (surrounded by white pulp) > discharge blood into red pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cell population of red pulp

A

Normal components of circulating blood

Fixed and free macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Trabecular veins

A

Reticular fibres > sinusoids > small veins > trabecular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why is the spleen difficult to repair?

A

Sutures tear out before they have been tensed enough to stop bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Immune response

A

The body’s reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Resistance

A

The ability of the body to maintain its immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

2 types of immunity

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) immunity

2. Adaptive (specific) immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

A
  • Physical barriers and internal defence processes that we are born with
  • Nonspecific: doesn’t distinguish
  • NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Adaptive (specific) immunity

A
  • T cells and B cells

- Specific/particular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are most lymphocytes?

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Lymphocytopoiesis

A

Hemocytoblasts divide in red bone marrow > lymphoid stem cells produced

Red bone marrow > B cells and NK cells

Thymus > T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Innate defenses

A
  1. Physical defences
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Immune surveillance
  4. Interferons
  5. Complement
  6. Inflammation
  7. Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Physical defenses

A

Epithelia of skin and mucous membrane, secretions and hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Phagocytes

A

Remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign substances or pathogens

66
Q

Microphages

A
  • Neutrophils: phagocytize cellular debris or bacteria

- Eosinophils: target foreign substances coated with antibodies

67
Q

Macrophage functions

A
  1. Engulf pathogens
  2. Binds to or removes pathogen with help
  3. Releasing chemicals
68
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Reside in specific tissues or organs

69
Q

Free macrophages

A

Travel throughout the body

70
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Free macrophages and microphages attracted to or repelled to surrounding fluids

71
Q

Adhesions

A

Free macrophages and microphages begin with adhesion

When phagocytes attach to their target

72
Q

Immune surveillance

A

NK cells continual policing peripheral tissues

73
Q

NK cells

A
  1. Recognition and adhesion
  2. Realignment of golgi apparatus - trans face points towards abnormal cell, golgi appartus creates perforin
  3. Secretion of perforin
  4. Lysis of abnormal cells
74
Q

Tumour-specific antigens

A

In the plasma membrane of cancer cells

75
Q

Immunological escape

A

When abnormal cells avoid detection or neutralise body defenses

76
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and by tissue cells infected with viruses

77
Q

Interferons process

A

Interferons bind to surface receptors on the membrane of a normal cell and by second messengers, triggers the production of antiviral proteins

78
Q

Antiviral proteins

A

Interferon with viral replication inside the cell

79
Q

Interferon alpha

A

Produced by cells infected with viruses

Attracts and stimulates NK cells and enhances resistance to viral infection

80
Q

Interferon beta

A

Secreted by fibroblasts and slows inflammation in a damaged area

81
Q

Interferon gamma

A

Secreted by T cells and NK cells and stimulates macrophage activity

82
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals that tissue cells release to coordinate local activities

83
Q

Classical pathway

A

Most effective activation of the complement system

  1. Antibodies bind to bacterial cell wall
  2. Attachment of C1 to 2 antibodies
  3. Activation and cascade
  4. C3b binds to cell wall and enhances phagocytosis
84
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Activated by protein MBL which binds to carbohydrates on bacterial surfaces

  1. Lectin binds to bacterial cell wall
  2. C3 activation
  3. C3b binds to bacterial surface and enhances phagocytosis
85
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Important in the defence against bacteria, some parasites and virus-infected cells

  1. Complement proteins interact in plasma
  2. C3b protein binds to the bacterial cell wall
86
Q

Complement activation causes

A
  1. Cell lysis (MAC)
  2. Opsonisation (enhancement of phagocytosis)
  3. Inflammation (histamine release)
87
Q

Inflammation

A

Localised tissue response to injury

88
Q

Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Local redness, swelling, heat and pain

89
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine, heparin and prostaglandins

90
Q

Inflammation and steps in tissue repair

A
  1. Tissue damage, chemical change in interstitial fluid
  2. Mast cells
  3. Cardinal signs of inflammation, phagocyte attraction > release of cytokines
91
Q

Nercorsis

A

Tissue destruction after cells have been injured or destroyed

92
Q

Abscess

A

Accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue

93
Q

Fever

A

Body temperature greater than 37.2 degrees, 99 F

94
Q

Pryogens

A

Fever-inducing agents

95
Q

Benefits of fever

A

Higher metabolic rate

96
Q

Adaptive immunity lymphocytes

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells
  2. Helper T cells
  3. Regulatory T cells
  4. Memory T cells
97
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Involved in direct cellular attack

Enter peripheral tissues and attack antigens physically and chemically

98
Q

Helper T cells

A

Stimulate the response of both T and B cells

99
Q

What is largely responsible for the loss of immunity in AIDS?

A

Reduction in helper T cells

100
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Subset of T cels that moderate the immune response

101
Q

Memory T cells

A

Respond to antigens they have already encountered by cloning lymphocytes

102
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells

103
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells

104
Q

What triggers the immune response?

A

Specific antigens

105
Q

What are most antigens?

A

Pathogens, parts or products of pathogens or foreign substances

Usually proteins

106
Q

When does a lymphocyte become activated?

A

When it has contact with an appropriate antigen

107
Q

What happens to an activated lymphocyte?

A

It begins to divide, producing more lymphocytes with the same specificity

108
Q

Clone

A

All the identical cells produced by lymphocyte divisions

109
Q

Clonal selection

A

Process of an antigen selecting particular lymphocytes for cloning

110
Q

Active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to an antigen

Body responds to to antigen by making its own antibody

111
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Normally begins to develop after birth

112
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions

113
Q

Passive immunity

A

Produced by transferring antibodies from another source

114
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

A baby receives antibodies from the mother during gestation or through breast milk

115
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Person receives antibodies to fight infection or prevent disease

116
Q

Properties of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Versatility
  3. Memory
  4. Tolerance
117
Q

Specific defence

A

Activated by specific antigens

The immune response targets that particular antigens and no others

118
Q

Specificity

A

Results from activation of appropriate lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects

119
Q

How does specificity occur?

A

T cells and B cells respond to the molecular structure of an antigen

120
Q

Versatility

A

Diversity of lymphocytes present in the body

121
Q

Memory

A

Lymphocyte divisions produce two groups of cells

One group attacks the invader immediately
Another group remains inactive unless it meets the same antigen at a later date

122
Q

Tolerance

A

Tolerance towards self-antigens

123
Q

MHC proteins

A

Membrane glycoproteins

124
Q

Antigen presentation

A

Occurs when an antigen-MHC protein combination capable of activating T cells appear in the plasma membrane

125
Q

Classes of MHC

A

Class I: In all nucleated body cells

Class II: Present only in plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphoctes

126
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

Engulf and break down pathogens or foreign antigens

127
Q

Antigen processing

A

Creates fragments of the antigen which are then bound to class II MHC proteins and inserted into the plasma membrane

128
Q

Antigen recognition

A

Lymphocytes respond to an antigen bound to either a class I or a class II MHC protein

129
Q

What determines whether a T cell responds to antigens held in class I or class II MHC proteins?

A

The structure of the T cell plasma membrane: CD markers

130
Q

CD3 markers

A

Present on all T cells

131
Q

CD8 markers

A

Present on cytotoxic and regulatory T cells

class I MHC

132
Q

CD4 markers

A

Present on all helper T cells

class II MHC

133
Q

2 types of CD8 cells

A
  1. Responds quickly to a class I MHC-bound antigen, producing cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
  2. Responds slowly, producing small number of regulatory T cells
134
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. Release perforins
  2. Release cytokines
  3. Secrete lymphotoxin
135
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A 
Results from activation of CD8 cells by antigens bound to class I MHCs
T cells divide to generate cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells
136
Q

Helper T cells

A 
Respond to antigens presented by class II MHC proteins
When activated, helper T cells secrete cytookines
137
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers coordinated by the immune system

138
Q

Interleukins

A
  1. Increase T cell sensitivity to antigen exposed on macrophage membranes
  2. Stimulate B cell activity
  3. Plasma cell formation, ant antibody production
  4. Enhance innate defenses
  5. Moderate immune response
139
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

Slow the spread of the virus making the synthesising cell and its neighbours resistant to viral infection

140
Q

Tumour necrosis factors (TFNs)

A

Slow tumour growth and kill tumour cells, and act as pyrogens

141
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

Factors produced by active T cells, cells of the monocyte-macrophage group, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts

142
Q

B cell sensitisation

A

Antibody molecules in their plasma membrane bind antigens. The antigens are then displayed on the class II MHC proteins of the B cells which become activated by helper T cells activated by the same antigen

143
Q

What does an active B cell differentiate into?

A

A plasma cell or they produce daughter cells that differentiate plasma cells and memory B cells. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells

144
Q

Y-shaped antibody molecule

A

Consists of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains containing constant and variable segments

145
Q

Classes of immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgE
  3. IgD
  4. IgM
  5. IgA
146
Q

IgG

A

Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, bacterial toxins

147
Q

IgE

A

Releases chemicals that accelerate local inflammation

148
Q

IgD

A

Located on the surfaces of B cells

149
Q

IgM

A

First type of antibody secreted after an antigen arrives

150
Q

IgA

A

Found in glandular secretions

151
Q

Antigen-antibody complex

A

When antibody molecules bind to an antigen

152
Q

Neutralisation

A

Antibody binding that prevents viruses or bacterial toxins from binding to body cells

153
Q

Precipitation

A

Forming of an insoluble immune complex

154
Q

Aggltiniation

A

Formation of large complexes

155
Q

Primary response

A

Antibodies first produced by plasma cells in humoral immunity

156
Q

Secondary response

A

Maximum antibody level after second exposure to antigen

157
Q

Immunocompetence

A

The ability to produce an immune response after exposure to an antigen

158
Q

Hypersensitivites

A

Allergies, excessive immune responses to allergens

159
Q

4 types of allergies

A
  1. Immediate hypersensitivity
  2. Cytotoxic reactions
  3. Immune complex disorders
  4. Delayed hypersensitivity
160
Q

Anaphalaxis

A

When a circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout the body

161
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

Develop when an immune response inappropriately targets normal body cells and tissues

162
Q

Immunodeficiency disease

A

The immune system does not develop normally or the immune response is blocked

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions