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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes

A

Male and female reproductive cells

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2
Q

Reproductive system

A

Gonads that produce gametes and hormones
Ducts that transport gametes
Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids
External genitalia

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3
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes which secrete androgen and sperm

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4
Q

Male gamete

A

Sperm

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5
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries which secrete an immature oocyte each month and estrogen

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6
Q

Female gamete

A

Oocyte

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7
Q

Sperm

A

Testis > epididymis > ductus deferens > urethra

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8
Q

Male external genitalia

A

Scrotum which encloses the testes, urethra, and the penis

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9
Q

Accessory structures

A

Seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral gland secrete fluids into ejaculatory ducts and the urethra

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10
Q

Raphe

A

Thickening that separates the scrotum into two chambers

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11
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Serous membrane lining the scrotal cavity, reducing friction between parietal and visceral layer

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12
Q

Layers of the scrotum

A
  1. Superficial scrotal fascia
  2. Dartos muscle
  3. Scrotal skin
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13
Q

Cremaster

A

Later of skeletal muscle

Contracts during sexual arousal or decreased temperature > testes move closer to body

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14
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Dense layer of connective tissue that support blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

Septa testis

A

Divides testis into lobules

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16
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Sperm production takes place within the tubules

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17
Q

Straight tubules

A

Several semniferous tubules merge into straight tubules

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18
Q

Rete testis

A

Maze of passageways formed by interconnected straight tubules

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19
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Connect rete testis to the epididymis

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20
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

Within spaces between tubules

Produce androgens

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Start of the male reproductive tract
Head: receives sperm from efferent ductules
Body
Tale: connects to the ductus deferens

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22
Q

Where is the sperm primarily stored?

A

In the tale of the ductus deferens

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23
Q

Function of epididymis

A
  1. It monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules
  2. It acts as a recycling centre for damaged sperm
  3. It stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation
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24
Q

Ampulla of ductus deferens

A

Expanded portion of the ductus deferens

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25
Q

Urethra

A

Passageway that extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis

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26
Q

Functions of the glands

A
  1. Activating sperm
  2. Providing the nutrients sperm need for motility
  3. Propelling sperm and fluids along the reproductive tract, mainly by peristaltic contractions
  4. Producing buffers that counteract the acidity of the urethral and vaginal environments
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27
Q

Seminal glands

A

Produce the majority of the volume of semen

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28
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Secretions of the seminal glands are discharged into the ejaculatory duct

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29
Q

Prostate

A

Produces prostatic fluid

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30
Q

Prostatic fluid

A

Slightly acidic fluid is rich in enzymes that prevent sperm coagulation in the vagina

Ejected into the prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions of the prostate

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31
Q

Prostatitis

A

Prostatic inflammation

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32
Q

Bulbo-urethral glands

A

Secrete thick, alkaline mucus which helps neutralise urinary acids that may remain in the urethra and it lubricates the tip of the penis

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33
Q

Semen

A

Sperm
Seminal fluid
Enzymes

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34
Q

Penis

A
  • The body consists of 3 masses of erectile tissue

- Beneath the superficial fascia are two corpora cavernosa and a single spongiosum

35
Q

Seminalplasmin

A

A protein with antibiotic properties that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males

36
Q

Preputial glands

A

Secrete smegma

37
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Stem cells in the seminiferous tubules that undergo cell division through adult life

38
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

Prepare to begin meiosis

39
Q

Spermatids

A

Undifferentiated male gametes

40
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
41
Q

Spermiation

A

Sperm loses its attachment to the nurse cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

42
Q

Function of nurse cells

A
  1. Maintenance of blood testis barrier
  2. Support of mitosis and meiosis
  3. Support of spermiogenesis
  4. Secretion of inhibin
  5. Secretion of antigen-binding protein
43
Q

Capacitation

A
  1. Sperm become motile when they are mixed with secretions of the seminal glands
  2. They become capable of successful fertilisation when exposed to conditions in the female reproductive tract
44
Q

Acrosome

A

Contains enzymes essential to fertilisation

45
Q

FSH

A

Targets primarily the nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules

46
Q

LH

A

Targets the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes

47
Q

Inhibin

A

Depresses secretion of FSH

48
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of the prostate

49
Q

Broad ligament

A

Extensive mesentery enclosing the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus

50
Q

Mesovarium

A

Thickened fold of mesentery that supports and stabilised the position of each ovary

51
Q

What is each ovary covered by?

A

Tunica albuginea

52
Q

Uterine tubes

A
  1. Infundibulum with fimbria
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
53
Q

Embryo

A

Weeks 1-8

54
Q

Fetus

A

Week 9-delivery

55
Q

Ligaments stabilising ovaries

A

Ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament

56
Q

Ligaments stabilising uterus

A

Uterosacral ligament, round ligaments and cardinal ligaments

57
Q

Cervix

A

Inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina

58
Q

Uterine cavity

A

Uterine cavity > internal os > cervical canal > external os

59
Q

Layers of the uterine wall

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium - 90%
  3. Endometrium - 10%
60
Q

Endometrium

A

Funtional layer - uterine glands

Basal layer - terminal branches of tubular uterine glands

61
Q

Myometrium

A

Branches of the uterine arteries form arcuate arteries

62
Q

Radial arteries

A

Supply straight arteries (deliver blood to basal layer) and spiral arteries (supply functional layer)

63
Q

Functions of vagina

A
  1. Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluid
  2. Receives penis during sexual intercourse and holds sperm prior to their passage into the uterus
  3. Forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the fetus passes during delivery
64
Q

Vaginal fornix

A

Shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion

65
Q

Bulb of vestibule

A

Mass of erectile tissue on each side of the vagina

66
Q

Hymen

A

Elastic epithelial fold that partially blocks entrance to vagina

67
Q

Urethral glands

A

Discharge into the urethra near the external urethral opening

68
Q

Corpus cavernosum of clitoris

A

Erectile tissue

69
Q

Lesser vestibular glands

A

Discharge their secretions onto the exposed surface of the vestibule between the orifices of the vagina and urethra

70
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Secrete into the vestibule during sexual arousal

71
Q

Mons pubis

A

Adipose tissue covering the pubic symphysis

72
Q

Mammary gland

A

Lobe > lobule > lactiferous duct > lactiferous sinus

73
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

In ovarian follicles through primary, secondary and tertiary ovarian follicles

74
Q

Oogonia

A

Female reproductive stem cells

75
Q

Follicle development and the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Primordial ovarian follicles in egg nest
  2. Formation of primary ovarian follicle
  3. Formation of secondary ovarian follicle
  4. Formation of tertiary ovarian follicle
  5. Ovulation
  6. Formation of corpus luteum
  7. Formation of corpus albicans
76
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Follucular - tertiary ovarian follicle
Ovulation - tertiary follicle releases secondary oocyte and attached follicular cells of corona radiata
Luteal - formation of corpus luteum which becomes corpus albicans

77
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the uterine lining and the secretion of uterine glands

78
Q

Proliferation phase

A

Functional layer thickens and undergoes repair

79
Q

Secretory phase

A

Uterine glands enlarge

80
Q

Estradiol

A

Most important estrogen

81
Q

What makes ovulation happen?

A

Midcycle surge in LH

82
Q

Hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycle

A

Hypothalmic secretion of GnRH occurs in pulses that trigger pituitary secretion of FSH and LH. FSH initiates follicular development, and activated follicles and ovarian interstital cells produce estrogens. High estrogen levels stimulate LH secretion, increase pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, and increase the GnRH pulse frequency

83
Q

Main hormone of luteal phase

A

Progesterone

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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