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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology > The Special Senses > Flashcards

The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory organs

A

Contain olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal stem cells

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2
Q

Olfactory glands

A

Secretions of olfactory glands coat the surface of olfactory organs

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3
Q

Olfaction

A

Arriving information reaches the information centres without first synapsing in the thalamus

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4
Q

Olfactory reception

A

Involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odor-binding proteins

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5
Q

How does the CNS interpret smells?

A

By the pattern of receptor activity

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6
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells

A

Cluster in taste buds

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7
Q

Taste buds

A
  • Associate with epithelial projections on the tongue
  • Each taste bud contains basal epithelial cells (stem cells) and gustatory epithelial cells, which extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore
  • Monitored by cranial nerves that synapse within the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. Post synaptic neurons carry the nerve impulses on to the thalamus, where third-order neurons project to the somatosensory cortex
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8
Q

Primary taste sensations

A

Sweet, salty, sour and bitter

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9
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyelids, seperated by palpebral fissure, eyelashes and tarsal glands

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10
Q

Conjuctiva

A

Epithelia covering the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the most exposed surface of the eye

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11
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Secretes something containing lysozome

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12
Q

Tears

A

Collect in lacrimal lake
Reach the inferior meatus of the nose after they pass through lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasocrimal duct

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13
Q

3 layers of the eyes

A

Outer fibrous layer
Middle vascular layer (uvea)
Deeper inner layer (retina)

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14
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Sclera, cornea and corneoscleral junction

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15
Q

Vascular layer, uvea

A

Iris, ciliary body and choroid

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16
Q

Iris

A

Contains muscle fibres that change the diameter of pupil

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17
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes which attach to the ciliary zonule of the lens

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18
Q

Inner layer, retina

A

Consists of a thin lining called the pugmented layer and a thicker covering called the neural layer which contains visual receptors and associated neurons

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19
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in retina

A

Rods and cones

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20
Q

Cones

A

Densely clustered in the fovea centralis, at the centre of the macula

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21
Q

Light to brain

A

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > brain via optic nerve

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22
Q

Optic disc

A
  • Blind spot

- Axons of ganglion cells converge at the optic disc

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23
Q

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

A

Modify the signals passed among other components of the retina

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24
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Ciliary body and lens divide the interior of the eye into the large posterior cavity. and a smaller anterior cavity

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25
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Subdivided into anterior chamber which extends from the cornea to the iris and a posterior chamber, between the iris and the ciliary body and lens

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26
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Circulates within the eye and reenters the circulation after diffusing through the walls of the anterior chamber and into the scleral venous sinus

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27
Q

Lens

A

Lies posterior to the cornea and forms the anterior boundary of the posterior cavity which contains the vitreous body

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28
Q

Vitreous body

A

Clear gelatinous mass that helps stabilise the shape of the eye and support the retina

29
Q

Cataract

A

A condition in which the lens has lost its transparency

30
Q

Light refraction

A

Light is refracted (bent) when it passes through the cornea and lens

31
Q

Accommodation

A

When the shape of the lens changes to focus an image on the retina

32
Q

Visual acuity

A

20/20

33
Q

Rods

A

Respond to almost any photon, regardless of its energy content

34
Q

Cones

A

Have characteristic ranges of sensitivity

35
Q

Outer segment

A
  • Each photoreceptor contains an outer segment with membranous discs
  • A narrow stalk connects the outer segment to the inner segment
36
Q

Visual pigments

A

Where light absorption occurs

Derivates of rhodopsin

37
Q

Colour sensitivity

A

Depends on the integration of information from red, green and blue cones

38
Q

Colour blindness

A

Inability to detect certain colours

39
Q

What happens when photons are absent?

A

A photoreceptor produces a dark current and constantly releases neurotransmitter

Photon absorption reduces the dark current and decreases the release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cell

40
Q

Bleaching

A

Rhodopsin molecules are broken apart to regenerate retinal back to its photon-absorbing 11-cis form

41
Q

Dark-adapted state

A

Most visual pigments are fully receptive to stimulation

42
Q

Light-adapted state

A

The pupil constricts and bleaching of the visual pigments takes place

43
Q

M cells

A
  • Ganglion cells that monitor rods

- Relatively large

44
Q

P cells

A

Smaller and more numerous than M cells

45
Q

Visual data

A

Visual data from the left half of the combined field of vision arrive at the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe

Data from the right half of the combined field of vision arrive at the visual cortex of the left occipital lobe

46
Q

Depth perception

A

Resolved by comparing relative positions of objects between the left and right eye images

47
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Visual inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus affect the function of other brainstem nuclei

This nucleus establishes a visceral circadian rhythm which is tied to the day-night cycle and affects other metabolic processes

48
Q

Divisions of the ear

A

External ear, middle ear and internal ear

49
Q

External ear

A

Includes the auricle, which surrounds the entrance to the external acoustic meatus which ends at the tympanic membrane

50
Q

Middle ear

A
  • Communicates with the nasopharynx by the auditory tube

- Encloses and protects the auditory ossicles

51
Q

Internal ear

A

Membranous labyrinth of the internal ear contains the fluid endolymph
Bony labyrinth surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth and can be subdivided into the vestibule, the semicircular canals and the cochlea

52
Q

Vestibule of inner ear

A

Encloses saccule and utricle

53
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Contain the semicircular ducts

54
Q

Cochlea

A

Contain the cochlear duct, an elongated portion of the membranous labyrinth

55
Q

Round window

A

Seperates the perilymph from the air spaces of the middle ear

56
Q

Oval window

A

Connected to the base of the stapes

57
Q

Hair cells

A
  • Basic sensory receptors of the internal ear

- Provide information about the direction and strength of mechanical stimuli

58
Q

Anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular ducts

A

Continuous with the utricle

Each duct contains an ampullary crest with gelatinous ampullary cupula and associated sensory receptors

59
Q

Endolymphatic duct

A

Continuous with a passageway that connects the saccule and utricle

60
Q

Endolymphatic sac

A

Endolymphatic duct terminates in the endolymphatic sac

61
Q

Maculae

A

In the saccule and utricle, hair cells cluster

Surface of the membrane contains calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths

62
Q

Vestibular ganglia

A

Vestibular receptors activate sensory neurons of the vestibular ganglia
The axons form the vestibular nerve, synapsing within the vestibular nuclei

63
Q

Sound waves

A

Travel toward the tympanic membrane which vibrates, and auditory ossicles then conduct these vibrations to the internal ear
Movement at the oval window applies pressure to the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

64
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

65
Q

Spiral organ

A

Hair cells of the cochlear duct lie within the spiral organ

66
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Pressure waves distort the basilar membrane and push the hair cells of the spiral organs against tectorial membrane
Tensor tympani and stapedius contract to reduce the amount of motion when very loud sounds arrive

67
Q

Sensory neurons in the ear

A

Located in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea

68
Q

Cochlear nerve

A
  • Affarent fibres of sensory neurons in ear form cochlear nerve and synapse at left or right cochlear nucleus

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (25 decks)

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