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anatomy > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 organs of the urinary System?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary System?

A

Regulation, hormone production, and waste excretion

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3
Q

What does the urinary System regulate?

A

Blood volume, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood ion composition, and blood pH

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4
Q

What is the function of blood volume in the kidney?

A

Absorbing or eliminating water in urine

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5
Q

What is the function of blood pressure in the kidneys?

A

Secreting renin in order to increase or decrease BP

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6
Q

What is the function of blood glucose in the kidneys?

A

Synthesize new glucose molecules and release it into blood

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7
Q

What is the function of blood ionic composition in the kidneys?

A

Regulate levels of NA, K, CL, HPO4

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8
Q

What is the function of blood pH in the kidneys?

A

Excrete H into urine and conserve HCO3 (buffer)

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9
Q

What hormones are produced from the kidneys?

A

Calcitriol and erythropoietin

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10
Q

What is calcitriol and what does it regulate?

A

It is an active form of vitamin D that regulates calcium homeostasis

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11
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

Stimulate production of red blood cells

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12
Q

What is the formation of urine?

A

Removal of metabolic wastes, foreign substances, drugs, and environmental toxins

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13
Q

How big is the kidney?

A

4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick

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14
Q

How much does a kidney weigh?

A

4.5-5 ounces

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae

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16
Q

What are the three tissues covering the kidney?

A

Renal capsule, adipose capsule, and Renal fascia

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17
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

It’s the deepest layer of the kidney that is made of dense CT that helps maintain shape and keeps infections out

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18
Q

What is the adipose capsule?

A

The middle layer of fat covering the kidney that protects and holds the kidneys in place

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19
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

The outer layer covering the kidney made of thin dense irregular CT that holds the kidneys to the abdominal wall

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20
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

A nephron

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21
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

1 million

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22
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

The renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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23
Q

What does the renal corpuscle contain?

A

Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

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24
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Capillary network

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25
Q

What is Bowmans capsule?

A

Double walled epithial cells

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26
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

Blood plasma filtration

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27
Q

What does the renal tubule consist of?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

It Is a highly coiled portion of the renal tubule located in the cortex where reabsorption and secretion take place

29
Q

Where is the loop of Henle located?

A

In the cortex and renal medulla

30
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

A highly coiled portion of the renal tubule located in the cortex that empties in the collecting duct

31
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons and jextamedullary nephrons

32
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

Short nephron loops in the renal cortex

33
Q

What are juxtanedullary nephrons?

A

Long nephron loops in the Renal Medulla

34
Q

What are the three parts of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

35
Q

What is urea?

A

A product of amino acid metabolism in the liver

36
Q

What is the amount of urea eliminated determined by?

A

Amount of protein in diet

37
Q

What percent of urea is excreted in urine?

A

50%

38
Q

What is ur Uric acid?

A

A product of nucleus acid bases (adenine and guanine) metabolism

39
Q

What percent of uric acid is excreted in urine?

A

10%

40
Q

What is urine composed of?

A

Water, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, ammonia

41
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

4.6-8

42
Q

How do we take in water?

A

Drinking, eating foods with water, chemical reactions

43
Q

How do we lose water?

A

Excretion by kidneys, evaporation from skin, exhalation, through feces

44
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Substances that slow reabsorption of water by kidneys that cause elevated urine flow

45
Q

Give an example of a diuretic.

A

Caffeine

46
Q

What carries urine to the bladder?

A

Peristalsis waves in ureters

47
Q

How much urine can the urinary bladder hold?

A

700-800 mL

48
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder

49
Q

What is trigone?

A

It triangular area on the floor of the bladder that has three openings that open into the urethra

50
Q

What does the internal urethral sphincter do?

A

Holds in urine

51
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube conveying urine to the outside of the body

52
Q

What are kidney stones formed from?

A

Calcium and uric acid crystals

53
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney stones?

A

Severe pain, nausea, chills, fever

54
Q

What causes kidney stones?

A

Not enough water intake, gout, IBS

55
Q

What is gout?

A

A form of arthritis that is a buildup of uric acid in blood

56
Q

What causes gout?

A

Too much red meat, alcohol, and rich foods

57
Q

What are the symptoms of gout?

A

Sudden attack of severe pain in area, redness, tenderness in joints

58
Q

Where is gout most common in?

A

Elbow and big toe

59
Q

What is nephritis?

A

Inflammation of kidneys

60
Q

What are the symptoms of nephritis?

A

Reduced urination, edema, blood or cloudy urine

61
Q

What causes nephritis?

A

Poisons, lupus, medications, other kidney infections

62
Q

What is cystitis?

A

A bladder infection caused by E. coli bacteria

63
Q

What are the symptoms of Crystitis?

A

Painful, frequent urination

64
Q

What are the two types of kidney failures?

A

Acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure

65
Q

What is acute kidney failure?

A

Lack of urine produced caused by nephritis, injury, heart failure, poisoning

66
Q

What is chronic kidney failure?

A

Gradual loss of kidney function caused by other diseases that cause gradual kidney damage over months or years

67
Q

Give an example of a disease that causes chronic kidney failure.

A

Diabetes, high BP, lupus, reoccurring kidney infections

anatomy (18 decks)

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