Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
What do the types of sensation depend on?
A
Destination of nerve impulse
2
Q
What is an example of a sensation?
A
Reflexes vs vision
3
Q
What is a sensation?
A
Conscious/subconscious awareness of changes in external and internal environment
4
Q
What is perception?
A
Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations
5
Q
where does perception occur in?
A
The Cerebral cortex
6
Q
Where are general receptors located?
A
Throughout the entire body
7
Q
Give an example of general receptors
A
Skin and organs
8
Q
Where are special receptors located?
A
In localized areas
9
Q
Give an example of special receptors?
A
Head, eyes, ears, mouth
10
Q
Name the sense receptors that are classified by location
A
Exteroceptors, interceptors, proprioceptors
11
Q
Where are Exteroceptors located?
A
On or near the surface of the body
12
Q
What are the two types of sense receptors?
A
General receptors and special receptors
13
Q
What do Exteroceptors deal with?
A
Hearing, pain, pressure, vision, temperature, taste, touch, smell
14
Q
Where are interceptors located?
A
Visceral organs, blood vessels, and blood
15
Q
What sense receptors are not continuously felt?
A
Interceptors
16
Q
Where are proprioceptors located?
A
Muscles, joints, tendons, inner ear, nervous system
17
Q
What are the 6 types of sense receptors classified by stimulus
A
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, photoreceptors
18
Q
What do thermoreceptor sense changes in?
A
Temperature
19
Q
What do nociceptors sense?
A
Pain from physical or chemical tissue damage
20
Q
What do mechanical stimuli sense?
A
Deformation, stretching, or bending of cells
21
Q
Give an example of mechanical stimuli
A
Pressure, vibration, equilibrium
22
Q
What do chemoreceptors deal with?
A
Chemicals in mouth nose and body fluids
23
Q
What do osmoreceptors deal with?
A
Osmotic pressure of body fluids
24
Q
What do you photoreceptors sense?
A
Light striking on the retina
25
Where are more than half of all sensory receptors located?
The eye
26
What colors do the eyes exhibit
400 nm violet
| 700nm red
27
What do white light wavelengths do?
They are reflected
28
What do black wavelengths do
They are absorbed
29
What structure closes the the eyelid
Orbicularis oculi
30
What structure opens Eye?
Levator palpebrae superioris
31
What is the function of the eyelid?
Shade, protect, lubricate and eye
32
What do tarsal glands or meibomian glands do?
Keep eyelids from adhering to each other
33
What glands are modified sebaceous glands?
Tarsal/ meibomian glands
34
What is the conjunctiva?
Lines the eyelid and is attached to the white of the eye
| Protective mucous membrane
35
What is conjunctivitis?
Pink eye
36
Is the conjunctiva vascular or avascular?
Vascular
37
What is the function of eyebrows and eyelashes?
Protect from foreign substances, perspiration, direct sunlight
38
What do eyebrows and eyelashes contain?
Sebaceous glands at eyelash follicles
39
What is a sty?
Inflammation of sebaceous gland
40
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Structures that produce and drain tears
41
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
To protect, clean, and lubricate the eyeball
42
Where do extrinsic muscles extend from and what are they surrounded by?
Bony orbit to Scalera
| They are surrounded by fat tissue
43
What nerves control movement in the six eyeball muscles?
3,4,6
44
How wide is the eye in diameter?
2.5 cm
45
What are the three layers of the wall of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina
46
What layer is the fibrous tunic?
Outer layer
47
What layer is the vascular tunic?
Middle layer
48
What layer is the retina?
Inner layer
49
What is the fibrous tunic composed of
The cornea and Scalera
50
What is the cornea?
It transparent covering of the iris
51
What does the cornea do?
Admits and refracts light onto eye and helps focus light onto retina
52
What is the Scalera made of?
Dense connective tissue
53
What structure provides shape to the eyeball?
The Sclera
54
What does the sclera do?
Provides shape to eyeball and is an attachment for eye muscles
55
What is the vascular tunic composed of?
Choroid, ciliary body, Iris
56
What does the choroid line?
The sclera
57
Is the choroid vascular or avascular?
Vascular
58
What does the choroid contain and how do they appear?
Contains melanocytes and they appear brown and black
59
What do melanocytes do?
Prevent reflection and scattering of light
60
What is the anterior portion of vascular tunic
Ciliary body
61
What in in the ciliary body
Melanocytes
62
What does the ciliary body consist of?
The ciliary muscle and ciliary process
63
What are the ciliary processes?
Vascular folds of internal surface of ciliary body
64
What does the ciliary process secrete?
Aqueous humor
65
What is the ciliary muscle?
A circular band of smooth muscle that adapts for near/ far vision
66
In the ciliary muscle, what does muscle contraction change?
The lens shape
67
What is the iris determined by and what is it made of?
The amount of melanin and it's made of melanocytes and smooth muscle fibers
68
What does the iris regulate?
Amount of light that comes into the eyeball
69
What is the pupil?
An opening in the center of the iris
70
What is coloboma?
Having an irregular shapes iris
71
Where is the lens located and what does it contain?
Located Behind the pupil and iris and contains proteins called crystalline that are arranged in layers
72
What does the lens lack?
Blood vessels
73
What is the function of the lens?
Focus images on retina
74
What are the 2 cavities that the lens divides the eye into?
Anterior cavity and vitreous chamber (posterior chamber)
75
What is the function of the aqueous humor?
Maintain shape of eyeball and supply oxygen and nutrients to lens and cornea
76
What is the function of the vitreous chamber?
Maintain shape of eyeball and keep retina attached to the choroid
77
What does the retina consist of?
Pigmented layer and neural (sensory) layer
78
What does the pigmented layer do?
Absorb light rays
79
What does the neural layer do?
Process visual data
80
What are the 3 layers in the neural layer?
Photoreceptors (cones and rods)
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer
81
What is the macula lutea?
A small flat spot in the center of the posterior region of the retina. It is also the visual axis of the eye
82
What happens if you have macular degeneration?
You lose acute vision but still have peripheral
83
What is the fovea centralis?
A small depression in the center of the macula lutea that contains cones
84
What is the area with the highest visual resolution?
Fovea
85
What is the optic disc?
Where ganglion axons collect and exit eyeball as optic nerve one
86
What do photoreceptors do?
Convert light rays to nerve impulses
87
How many rods are there in the retina?
20 million
88
What do the rods allow us to do?
Enable us to see dim light (does not provide color vision)
89
How many cones are there in the retina?
6 million
90
What are cones stimulated by?
Bright light
91
What are the 3 types of bright lights?
Blue green and red
92
What are the three types of image formation?
Refraction
Accommodation
Constructing of pupil
93
What is accommodation?
change in shape of lens
94
What does accommodation depend on?
The distance of the object
95
What muscle controls the lens shape?
The ciliary muscle
96
What controls the pupil diameter?
Circular muscles of iris
97
What do photo pigments and visions contain and what do they initiate?
Contain rhodopsin and initiate events for nerve potentials
98
What do photo pigments contain?
Opsin and retinal
99
What is opsin?
A protein molecule
100
What is retinal?
A vitamin A derivative
101
What is the light absorbing part of photopigment
Retinal
102
What is binocular vision?
Both eyes focus on one set of objects
103
What is in each eyes visual field?
```
A nasal (central) half
A temporal (peripheral) half
```
104
What is nearsighted (myopia) and how is it corrected?
Focal point is in front of the retina and it is corrected with concave lens
105
What is farsighted (hyperopia) and how is it corrected?
Focal point is behind the retina and it is corrected with convex lens
106
What is astigmatism?
Either the cornea or lens has an irregular creature and it gets multiple focal points
107
What are the functions of the ear?
Enable the senses of hearing and provide a sense of equilibrium
108
What is the function of the auricle or pinna?
Collect sounds waves
109
What is the external auditory canal?
A 2.5 CM opening into Temporel lobe that Direct sound waves to the eardrum
110
What does the external auditory canal contain?
Specialized sweat glands that secrete cerumen
111
What is the tympanic membrane?
A semi transparent membrane
112
What do sound waves cause the tympanic membrane and ossicles to do?
Vibrate
113
What do the auditory ossicles do?
Transmit and amplify vibrations from Tympanic membrane to oval window
114
What are the smallest bones that are attached by ligaments in the middle ear?
Auditory ossicles
115
What is the malleus attached to?
Tympanic membrane
116
What is the round window involved in?
Air pressure regulation
117
What is the oval window?
An opening in the wall of the middle ear
118
What are the stapes connected to the oval window by?
Ligaments
119
What does the auditory tube connect?
The middle ear to the throat through the round window
120
What is the auditory tube made of?
Bone and elastic cartilage
121
What enters and leaves the middle ear through the auditory tube?
Air
122
What is the function of the auditory tube?
Equalize internal air pressure with atmospheric pressure
123
What is the inner ear also known as?
Labyrinth
124
What is the inner ear divided into?
Osseous (bony) labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
125
What is the Ossetia labyrinth filled with?
Perilymph
126
What is the Osseous labyrinth divided into?
Vestibule, semicircular Canals, and cochlea
127
What is the membraneous labyrinth?
A series of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth
128
What does the membrane labyrinth contain?
Hearing and equilibrium receptors
129
What is the membraneous labyrinth filled with?
Endolymph
130
What are the two sacs in the vestibule?
Utricle and saccule
131
What do the utricle and saccule contain?
Macula
132
What is the macula?
Hair cells for static equilibrium
133
What does the vestibule do?
Generate impulses to the Vestibulocochlear nerve
134
What is the end of each semicircular Canal called?
Ampulla
135
What do you semicircular Canals contain?
Receptors for equilibrium
136
What are semicircular ducts filled with?
Endolymph
137
What do semicircular ducts contain?
Cristae
138
What are Cristae?
Receptors for dynamic equilibrium
139
What does the cochlea do?
Transmits vibrations to organ of corti
140
What three ducts is the cochlea divided into?
Cochlear duct, Scala vestibuli, scala tympani
141
What is the cochlear duct and what is it filled with?
A continuation of the membraneous labyrinth and it is filled with endolymph
142
What is the scala vestibuli filled with and when does it end?
Filled with Perilymph and ends at oval window
143
What is the scala tympani filled with and where does it end?
Filled with endolymph and ends at round window
144
What does the organ of Corti (spiral organ) consist of?
16,000 hair cells
145
What is the organ of Corti covered by and what is it attached to?
Covered by Tectorial membrane and attached to supporting cells
146
What does the organ of Corti produce?
Receptor potentials that conducts nerve impulses to vestibulocochlear nerve
147
What does static equilibrium sense?
The position of the head and linear acceleration and deceleration
148
What ear structure does static equilibrium involve?
The utricle and saccule
149
What types of cells does static equilibrium consist of?
Hair cells and supporting cells
150
What do supporting cells secrete in the macula?
A think gelatinous layer called otolithic membrane
151
What does dynamic equilibrium sense?
Rotational motion
152
What does dynamic equilibrium aid in?
Maintaining balance
153
What is a Cristae ampullaris covered in in dynamic equilibrium?
A gelatinous material called cupula
