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Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What do the types of sensation depend on?

A

Destination of nerve impulse

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2
Q

What is an example of a sensation?

A

Reflexes vs vision

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3
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Conscious/subconscious awareness of changes in external and internal environment

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4
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

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5
Q

where does perception occur in?

A

The Cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Where are general receptors located?

A

Throughout the entire body

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7
Q

Give an example of general receptors

A

Skin and organs

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8
Q

Where are special receptors located?

A

In localized areas

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9
Q

Give an example of special receptors?

A

Head, eyes, ears, mouth

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10
Q

Name the sense receptors that are classified by location

A

Exteroceptors, interceptors, proprioceptors

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11
Q

Where are Exteroceptors located?

A

On or near the surface of the body

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12
Q

What are the two types of sense receptors?

A

General receptors and special receptors

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13
Q

What do Exteroceptors deal with?

A

Hearing, pain, pressure, vision, temperature, taste, touch, smell

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14
Q

Where are interceptors located?

A

Visceral organs, blood vessels, and blood

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15
Q

What sense receptors are not continuously felt?

A

Interceptors

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16
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A

Muscles, joints, tendons, inner ear, nervous system

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17
Q

What are the 6 types of sense receptors classified by stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, photoreceptors

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18
Q

What do thermoreceptor sense changes in?

A

Temperature

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19
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

Pain from physical or chemical tissue damage

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20
Q

What do mechanical stimuli sense?

A

Deformation, stretching, or bending of cells

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21
Q

Give an example of mechanical stimuli

A

Pressure, vibration, equilibrium

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22
Q

What do chemoreceptors deal with?

A

Chemicals in mouth nose and body fluids

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23
Q

What do osmoreceptors deal with?

A

Osmotic pressure of body fluids

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24
Q

What do you photoreceptors sense?

A

Light striking on the retina

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25
Q

Where are more than half of all sensory receptors located?

A

The eye

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26
Q

What colors do the eyes exhibit

A

400 nm violet

700nm red

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27
Q

What do white light wavelengths do?

A

They are reflected

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28
Q

What do black wavelengths do

A

They are absorbed

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29
Q

What structure closes the the eyelid

A

Orbicularis oculi

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30
Q

What structure opens Eye?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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31
Q

What is the function of the eyelid?

A

Shade, protect, lubricate and eye

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32
Q

What do tarsal glands or meibomian glands do?

A

Keep eyelids from adhering to each other

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33
Q

What glands are modified sebaceous glands?

A

Tarsal/ meibomian glands

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34
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Lines the eyelid and is attached to the white of the eye

Protective mucous membrane

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35
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Pink eye

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36
Q

Is the conjunctiva vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular

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37
Q

What is the function of eyebrows and eyelashes?

A

Protect from foreign substances, perspiration, direct sunlight

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38
Q

What do eyebrows and eyelashes contain?

A

Sebaceous glands at eyelash follicles

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39
Q

What is a sty?

A

Inflammation of sebaceous gland

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40
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Structures that produce and drain tears

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41
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

To protect, clean, and lubricate the eyeball

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42
Q

Where do extrinsic muscles extend from and what are they surrounded by?

A

Bony orbit to Scalera

They are surrounded by fat tissue

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43
Q

What nerves control movement in the six eyeball muscles?

A

3,4,6

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44
Q

How wide is the eye in diameter?

A

2.5 cm

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45
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

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46
Q

What layer is the fibrous tunic?

A

Outer layer

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47
Q

What layer is the vascular tunic?

A

Middle layer

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48
Q

What layer is the retina?

A

Inner layer

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49
Q

What is the fibrous tunic composed of

A

The cornea and Scalera

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50
Q

What is the cornea?

A

It transparent covering of the iris

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51
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Admits and refracts light onto eye and helps focus light onto retina

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52
Q

What is the Scalera made of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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53
Q

What structure provides shape to the eyeball?

A

The Sclera

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54
Q

What does the sclera do?

A

Provides shape to eyeball and is an attachment for eye muscles

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55
Q

What is the vascular tunic composed of?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, Iris

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56
Q

What does the choroid line?

A

The sclera

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57
Q

Is the choroid vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular

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58
Q

What does the choroid contain and how do they appear?

A

Contains melanocytes and they appear brown and black

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59
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Prevent reflection and scattering of light

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60
Q

What is the anterior portion of vascular tunic

A

Ciliary body

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61
Q

What in in the ciliary body

A

Melanocytes

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62
Q

What does the ciliary body consist of?

A

The ciliary muscle and ciliary process

63
Q

What are the ciliary processes?

A

Vascular folds of internal surface of ciliary body

64
Q

What does the ciliary process secrete?

A

Aqueous humor

65
Q

What is the ciliary muscle?

A

A circular band of smooth muscle that adapts for near/ far vision

66
Q

In the ciliary muscle, what does muscle contraction change?

A

The lens shape

67
Q

What is the iris determined by and what is it made of?

A

The amount of melanin and it’s made of melanocytes and smooth muscle fibers

68
Q

What does the iris regulate?

A

Amount of light that comes into the eyeball

69
Q

What is the pupil?

A

An opening in the center of the iris

70
Q

What is coloboma?

A

Having an irregular shapes iris

71
Q

Where is the lens located and what does it contain?

A

Located Behind the pupil and iris and contains proteins called crystalline that are arranged in layers

72
Q

What does the lens lack?

A

Blood vessels

73
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Focus images on retina

74
Q

What are the 2 cavities that the lens divides the eye into?

A

Anterior cavity and vitreous chamber (posterior chamber)

75
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

Maintain shape of eyeball and supply oxygen and nutrients to lens and cornea

76
Q

What is the function of the vitreous chamber?

A

Maintain shape of eyeball and keep retina attached to the choroid

77
Q

What does the retina consist of?

A

Pigmented layer and neural (sensory) layer

78
Q

What does the pigmented layer do?

A

Absorb light rays

79
Q

What does the neural layer do?

A

Process visual data

80
Q

What are the 3 layers in the neural layer?

A

Photoreceptors (cones and rods)
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer

81
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

A small flat spot in the center of the posterior region of the retina. It is also the visual axis of the eye

82
Q

What happens if you have macular degeneration?

A

You lose acute vision but still have peripheral

83
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

A small depression in the center of the macula lutea that contains cones

84
Q

What is the area with the highest visual resolution?

A

Fovea

85
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Where ganglion axons collect and exit eyeball as optic nerve one

86
Q

What do photoreceptors do?

A

Convert light rays to nerve impulses

87
Q

How many rods are there in the retina?

A

20 million

88
Q

What do the rods allow us to do?

A

Enable us to see dim light (does not provide color vision)

89
Q

How many cones are there in the retina?

A

6 million

90
Q

What are cones stimulated by?

A

Bright light

91
Q

What are the 3 types of bright lights?

A

Blue green and red

92
Q

What are the three types of image formation?

A

Refraction
Accommodation
Constructing of pupil

93
Q

What is accommodation?

A

change in shape of lens

94
Q

What does accommodation depend on?

A

The distance of the object

95
Q

What muscle controls the lens shape?

A

The ciliary muscle

96
Q

What controls the pupil diameter?

A

Circular muscles of iris

97
Q

What do photo pigments and visions contain and what do they initiate?

A

Contain rhodopsin and initiate events for nerve potentials

98
Q

What do photo pigments contain?

A

Opsin and retinal

99
Q

What is opsin?

A

A protein molecule

100
Q

What is retinal?

A

A vitamin A derivative

101
Q

What is the light absorbing part of photopigment

A

Retinal

102
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Both eyes focus on one set of objects

103
Q

What is in each eyes visual field?

A 
A nasal (central) half 
A temporal (peripheral) half
104
Q

What is nearsighted (myopia) and how is it corrected?

A

Focal point is in front of the retina and it is corrected with concave lens

105
Q

What is farsighted (hyperopia) and how is it corrected?

A

Focal point is behind the retina and it is corrected with convex lens

106
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Either the cornea or lens has an irregular creature and it gets multiple focal points

107
Q

What are the functions of the ear?

A

Enable the senses of hearing and provide a sense of equilibrium

108
Q

What is the function of the auricle or pinna?

A

Collect sounds waves

109
Q

What is the external auditory canal?

A

A 2.5 CM opening into Temporel lobe that Direct sound waves to the eardrum

110
Q

What does the external auditory canal contain?

A

Specialized sweat glands that secrete cerumen

111
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

A semi transparent membrane

112
Q

What do sound waves cause the tympanic membrane and ossicles to do?

A

Vibrate

113
Q

What do the auditory ossicles do?

A

Transmit and amplify vibrations from Tympanic membrane to oval window

114
Q

What are the smallest bones that are attached by ligaments in the middle ear?

A

Auditory ossicles

115
Q

What is the malleus attached to?

A

Tympanic membrane

116
Q

What is the round window involved in?

A

Air pressure regulation

117
Q

What is the oval window?

A

An opening in the wall of the middle ear

118
Q

What are the stapes connected to the oval window by?

A

Ligaments

119
Q

What does the auditory tube connect?

A

The middle ear to the throat through the round window

120
Q

What is the auditory tube made of?

A

Bone and elastic cartilage

121
Q

What enters and leaves the middle ear through the auditory tube?

A

Air

122
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Equalize internal air pressure with atmospheric pressure

123
Q

What is the inner ear also known as?

A

Labyrinth

124
Q

What is the inner ear divided into?

A

Osseous (bony) labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

125
Q

What is the Ossetia labyrinth filled with?

A

Perilymph

126
Q

What is the Osseous labyrinth divided into?

A

Vestibule, semicircular Canals, and cochlea

127
Q

What is the membraneous labyrinth?

A

A series of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth

128
Q

What does the membrane labyrinth contain?

A

Hearing and equilibrium receptors

129
Q

What is the membraneous labyrinth filled with?

A

Endolymph

130
Q

What are the two sacs in the vestibule?

A

Utricle and saccule

131
Q

What do the utricle and saccule contain?

A

Macula

132
Q

What is the macula?

A

Hair cells for static equilibrium

133
Q

What does the vestibule do?

A

Generate impulses to the Vestibulocochlear nerve

134
Q

What is the end of each semicircular Canal called?

A

Ampulla

135
Q

What do you semicircular Canals contain?

A

Receptors for equilibrium

136
Q

What are semicircular ducts filled with?

A

Endolymph

137
Q

What do semicircular ducts contain?

A

Cristae

138
Q

What are Cristae?

A

Receptors for dynamic equilibrium

139
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Transmits vibrations to organ of corti

140
Q

What three ducts is the cochlea divided into?

A

Cochlear duct, Scala vestibuli, scala tympani

141
Q

What is the cochlear duct and what is it filled with?

A

A continuation of the membraneous labyrinth and it is filled with endolymph

142
Q

What is the scala vestibuli filled with and when does it end?

A

Filled with Perilymph and ends at oval window

143
Q

What is the scala tympani filled with and where does it end?

A

Filled with endolymph and ends at round window

144
Q

What does the organ of Corti (spiral organ) consist of?

A

16,000 hair cells

145
Q

What is the organ of Corti covered by and what is it attached to?

A

Covered by Tectorial membrane and attached to supporting cells

146
Q

What does the organ of Corti produce?

A

Receptor potentials that conducts nerve impulses to vestibulocochlear nerve

147
Q

What does static equilibrium sense?

A

The position of the head and linear acceleration and deceleration

148
Q

What ear structure does static equilibrium involve?

A

The utricle and saccule

149
Q

What types of cells does static equilibrium consist of?

A

Hair cells and supporting cells

150
Q

What do supporting cells secrete in the macula?

A

A think gelatinous layer called otolithic membrane

151
Q

What does dynamic equilibrium sense?

A

Rotational motion

152
Q

What does dynamic equilibrium aid in?

A

Maintaining balance

153
Q

What is a Cristae ampullaris covered in in dynamic equilibrium?

A

A gelatinous material called cupula

Anatomy (18 decks)

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