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anatomy > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Sharpeys fibers

A

Made up of collagen and anchors periosteum to underlying bone surface

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2
Q

Where is a marrow cavity located?

A

Within the diaphysis

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3
Q

What covers epiphyses

A

Hyaline cartilage/ articular cartilage

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4
Q

Compact bone

A

A hard dense outer region that allows the bone to resist a linear compression and twisting

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5
Q

Where is spongy bone located

A

Inside compact bone

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6
Q

What does spongy bone allow long bones and bone marrow to do?

A

Resist forces from many directions and provides a cavity for bone marrow

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7
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A thin membrane covering inner surfaces of bone cells involved in the maintenance of bone homeostasis

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8
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

Separate proximal and distal epiphyses from diaphysis

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9
Q

What bones do not have diaphysess, epiphysess, medullary cavities, epiphyseal lines, or epiphyseal plates?

A

Short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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10
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Air sac filled spaces in some flat and irregular bones of the skull which reduced bone weight

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11
Q

What fraction of blood supply does the long bone get from the periosteum?

A

1/3

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12
Q

Where does the remaining 2/3 of blood supply come from to get to the periosteum ?

A

Nutrient arteries

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13
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Loose connective tissue that supports islands of blood forming hematopoietic cells

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14
Q

As a person gets older the amount of red bone marrow they have…..

A

Decreases

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15
Q

Where is red bone marrow in adults only found?

A

Pelvis, proximal femur and humorous, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapula, and some bones of the skull

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16
Q

Why do children need more red bone marrow?

A

To assist in growth and development

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17
Q

What is yellow bone marrow composed of?

A

Triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

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18
Q

What is inorganic matrix made up of in bone tissue?

A

Minerals that make up 65% of the bones total weight

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19
Q

What is organic matrix made up of?

A

Collagen fibers and usual ECM components

Makes up 35% of bones weight

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20
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane composed of dense irregular collagenous tissue that is tick with blood vessels and surrounds the outer surface of long bones

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21
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

In active bone cell found in the periosteum and endosteum

Bone building cells that perform deposition

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22
Q

What is bone deposition?

A

Osteoblast secrete organic matrix materials and assist in formation of inorganic matrix

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23
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that surround themselves with bone matrix in the Lacuna

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24
Q

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

A

Responsible for bone resorption

25
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

The process where cells secrete hydrogen ions in enzymes that break down bone matrix

26
Q

What are lamellae or concentric lamellae?

A

Rings made up of thin layers of bone

27
Q

What is the central canal (haversian)?

A

And endosteum lined hole found in the center of each osteon where blood vessels and nerves reside to supply bone

28
Q

What is a lucunae

A

A small cavity found between lamellae

29
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Struts or ribs of bone

30
Q

When does bone formation occur?

A

Embryo and fetus
Infancy, childhood, adolescence
Bone remodeling/repair

31
Q

What is fontaneis?

A

Soft sport on a babies head

32
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Continuous replacement of old bone tissue formation and loss

33
Q

What are the five factors affecting bone remodeling?

A

Minerals, vitamins, hormones, activity level, diet

34
Q

What does vitamin A do?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

35
Q

What does vitamin C do

A

Help synthesize collagen

36
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

Calcium resorption

37
Q

What do parathyroid hormones do?

A

Stimulate osteoblasts

38
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Stimulate osteoclasts

39
Q

Comminuted fracture?

A

Splinted or crushed bone

40
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Partial fracture

41
Q

Impacted fracture

A

One end of a fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

42
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Bone twists in opposite directions

43
Q

Simple fracture

A

Bone breaks totally without breaking skin

44
Q

What is demineralization

A

Loss of calcium and minerals from ECM

45
Q

What is brittleness?

A

Decreased rate of protein synthesis and production of collagen fibers

46
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Abnormal bone remodeling process

47
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Deterioration of cartilage and bone

48
Q

Osteophytes (bone spurs)

A

Bony projections developing along edges of bone/Near joints

49
Q

Hallux valgus (bunions)

A

Enlargement of bone and joint of base of big toe

50
Q

Rickets

A

Softening/weakening of bones due to lack of vitamin D

51
Q

Scurvy

A

Abnormalities in bone development, epiphyseal disease, lifting of periosteum because of lack of vitamin D

52
Q

Scoliosis

A

Curvature of the spine from side to side

53
Q

Lordosis

A

Curvature of the spine from front to back

54
Q

Kyphosis

A

Curvature of upper spine outward

55
Q

Where are flat bones located?

A

Ribs, pelvis, sternum

56
Q

Where are irregular bones located

A

Vertebrae and certain skull bones

57
Q

Where are sesamoid bones located?

A

Kneecap and within tendons

58
Q

What are the six functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis, blood cell formation, fat storage, movement, support

anatomy (18 decks)

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