The Skeletal System

Question 1

Sharpeys fibers

Answer 1

Made up of collagen and anchors periosteum to underlying bone surface

Question 2

Where is a marrow cavity located?

Answer 2

Within the diaphysis

Question 3

What covers epiphyses

Answer 3

Hyaline cartilage/ articular cartilage

Question 4

Compact bone

Answer 4

A hard dense outer region that allows the bone to resist a linear compression and twisting

Question 5

Where is spongy bone located

Answer 5

Inside compact bone

Question 6

What does spongy bone allow long bones and bone marrow to do?

Answer 6

Resist forces from many directions and provides a cavity for bone marrow

Question 7

What is the endosteum?

Answer 7

A thin membrane covering inner surfaces of bone cells involved in the maintenance of bone homeostasis

Question 8

Epiphyseal lines

Answer 8

Separate proximal and distal epiphyses from diaphysis

Question 9

What bones do not have diaphysess, epiphysess, medullary cavities, epiphyseal lines, or epiphyseal plates?

Answer 9

Short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

Question 10

What are sinuses?

Answer 10

Air sac filled spaces in some flat and irregular bones of the skull which reduced bone weight

Question 11

What fraction of blood supply does the long bone get from the periosteum?

Answer 11

1/3

Question 12

Where does the remaining 2/3 of blood supply come from to get to the periosteum ?

Answer 12

Nutrient arteries

Question 13

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 13

Loose connective tissue that supports islands of blood forming hematopoietic cells

Question 14

As a person gets older the amount of red bone marrow they have…..

Answer 14

Decreases

Question 15

Where is red bone marrow in adults only found?

Answer 15

Pelvis, proximal femur and humorous, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapula, and some bones of the skull

Question 16

Why do children need more red bone marrow?

Answer 16

To assist in growth and development

Question 17

What is yellow bone marrow composed of?

Answer 17

Triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

Question 18

What is inorganic matrix made up of in bone tissue?

Answer 18

Minerals that make up 65% of the bones total weight

Question 19

What is organic matrix made up of?

Answer 19

Collagen fibers and usual ECM components

Makes up 35% of bones weight

Question 20

Periosteum

Answer 20

A membrane composed of dense irregular collagenous tissue that is tick with blood vessels and surrounds the outer surface of long bones

Question 21

What is an osteoblast?

Answer 21

In active bone cell found in the periosteum and endosteum

Bone building cells that perform deposition

Question 22

What is bone deposition?

Answer 22

Osteoblast secrete organic matrix materials and assist in formation of inorganic matrix

Question 23

What are osteocytes?

Answer 23

Mature bone cells that surround themselves with bone matrix in the Lacuna

Question 24

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

Answer 24

Responsible for bone resorption

Question 25

What is bone resorption?

Answer 25

The process where cells secrete hydrogen ions in enzymes that break down bone matrix

Question 26

What are lamellae or concentric lamellae?

Answer 26

Rings made up of thin layers of bone

Question 27

What is the central canal (haversian)?

Answer 27

And endosteum lined hole found in the center of each osteon where blood vessels and nerves reside to supply bone

Question 28

What is a lucunae

Answer 28

A small cavity found between lamellae

Question 29

What are trabeculae?

Answer 29

Struts or ribs of bone

Question 30

When does bone formation occur?

Answer 30

Embryo and fetus Infancy, childhood, adolescence Bone remodeling/repair

Question 31

What is fontaneis?

Answer 31

Soft sport on a babies head

Question 32

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 32

Continuous replacement of old bone tissue formation and loss

Question 33

What are the five factors affecting bone remodeling?

Answer 33

Minerals, vitamins, hormones, activity level, diet

Question 34

What does vitamin A do?

Answer 34

Stimulates osteoblasts

Question 35

What does vitamin C do

Answer 35

Help synthesize collagen

Question 36

What does vitamin D do?

Answer 36

Calcium resorption

Question 37

What do parathyroid hormones do?

Answer 37

Stimulate osteoblasts

Question 38

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 38

Stimulate osteoclasts

Question 39

Comminuted fracture?

Answer 39

Splinted or crushed bone

Question 40

Greenstick fracture

Answer 40

Partial fracture

Question 41

Impacted fracture

Answer 41

One end of a fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

Question 42

Spiral fracture

Answer 42

Bone twists in opposite directions

Question 43

Simple fracture

Answer 43

Bone breaks totally without breaking skin

Question 44

What is demineralization

Answer 44

Loss of calcium and minerals from ECM

Question 45

What is brittleness?

Answer 45

Decreased rate of protein synthesis and production of collagen fibers

Question 46

Paget's disease

Answer 46

Abnormal bone remodeling process

Question 47

Osteoporosis

Answer 47

Deterioration of cartilage and bone

Question 48

Osteophytes (bone spurs)

Answer 48

Bony projections developing along edges of bone/Near joints

Question 49

Hallux valgus (bunions)

Answer 49

Enlargement of bone and joint of base of big toe

Question 50

Rickets

Answer 50

Softening/weakening of bones due to lack of vitamin D

Question 51

Scurvy

Answer 51

Abnormalities in bone development, epiphyseal disease, lifting of periosteum because of lack of vitamin D

Question 52

Scoliosis

Answer 52

Curvature of the spine from side to side

Question 53

Lordosis

Answer 53

Curvature of the spine from front to back

Question 54

Kyphosis

Answer 54

Curvature of upper spine outward

Question 55

Where are flat bones located?

Answer 55

Ribs, pelvis, sternum

Question 56

Where are irregular bones located

Answer 56

Vertebrae and certain skull bones

Question 57

Where are sesamoid bones located?

Answer 57

Kneecap and within tendons

Question 58

What are the six functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 58

Protection, mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis, blood cell formation, fat storage, movement, support