The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
How much does the heart weigh?
A
8-10 ounces
2
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
In the mediastium area on top of the diaphragm
3
Q
What is the tip/ bottom of the heart called?
A
Apex
4
Q
What is the pericardium?
A
A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
5
Q
What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
A
Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
6
Q
What is the serous pericardium divided into?
A
Parietal and visceral layer
7
Q
What is the fibrous pericardium?
A
A tough non elastic dense irregular CT layer of the heart that attaches to the diaphragm
8
Q
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
A
Prevent over stretching of the heart, protects it, and anchors heart in its cavity
9
Q
What is the parietal layer fused to?
A
The fibrous pericardium
10
Q
What is the visceral layer connected to?
A
The heart
11
Q
What is the pericardial cavity filled with?
A
Pericardial fluid (serous fluid)
12
Q
What is the function of the pericardial cavity?
A
Reduce friction as the heart moves
13
Q
What are the 3 walls of the heart?
A
Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
14
Q
What layer is the epicardium?
A
External (visceral) layer
15
Q
What layer is the myocardium?
A
The middle layer
16
Q
What layer is the endocardium?
A
The internal layer
17
Q
How big is the heart?
A
About the size of the human fist… 5.5 in. Long, 3.5 in. Wide, and 2.5 in. Thick
18
Q
What is the epicardium made of?
A
Adipose and fibroelastic tissue
19
Q
What does the epicardium contain?
A
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and coronary arteries
20
Q
What makes up 95% of the heart wall?
A
The myocardium
21
Q
What is the myocardium made of?
A
Cardiac muscle (pumping action)
22
Q
What is the endocardium made of?
A
A thin layer of endothelium and a thin layer of CT
23
Q
What does the endocardium do?
A
Provide a smooth lining of chambers and it covers valves
24
Q
What 2 chambers receive receive blood?
A
The right and left atria
25
What 2 chambers pump blood to parts of the body?
The right and left ventricles
26
What type of blood does the right side of the heart deal with?
Deoxygenated blood
27
What type of blood does the left side of the heart deal with?
Oxygenated blood
28
What are the 2 main heart valves?
Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
29
What does the atrioventricular valve separate?
Atrium from ventricles
30
What are the 2 parts of the atrioventricular valves?
The tricuspid valve (right side) and bicuspid/ mitral valve (left side)
31
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?
Withstand high pressure from contracting ventricles
32
What do the semilunar valves separate?
Ventricle from major artery
33
What are the parts of the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary valve (right side) and aortic valve (left side)
34
What do the semilunar valves deal with?
Deal with smaller volumes of blood and lower BP exerted on valves
35
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
36
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
37
What supplies blood to the heart?
Coronary arteries from the aorta
38
Where is blood drained from the heart?
Drained through the coronary sinus into the right atrium
39
What are the 3 chamber walls?
Atrial walls, left ventricle wall, and right ventricle wall
40
What do the atrial walls look like?
They are thin walled
41
What does the left ventricular wall look like?
It is very thick
42
How thick is the right ventricular wall?
It is thicker than the atria and thinner than the left ventricle wall
43
What is the function of the atrial walls?
Collect and pump blood a short distance
44
What is the function of the left ventricle wall?
Pump blood throughout the entire body
45
What is the function of the right ventricle wall?
Pump blood to lungs
46
What happens when the atria contracts?
Higher pressure within forces AV valves to open
47
What happens when the ventricles contract?
Pressure of blood increases which forces the SL valves to open
48
What is coronary circulation?
The myocardiums own network of blood vessels
49
What do the myocardium blood vessels do?
Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle wall
50
What kind of blood to coronary arteries carry?
Oxygen rich blood
51
What kind of blood do coronary veins carry?
Oxygen poor blood
52
What is the function of coronary arteries?
Deliver blood to heart muscle from the aorta when the heart relaxes
53
What is the function of coronary veins?
Receive blood from heart muscle and drain into coronary sinus
54
What is the left coronary artery also called and what is its function?
Also called the widow maker and it supplies oxygen to anterior ventricle walls and left atrium
55
What is the function of the right coronary artery?
Supply oxygen to right atrium wall and right ventricle wall
56
What are the two types of coronary artery obstruction?
Partial obstruction and total obstruction
57
What is partial obstruction called and what is it?
Myocardium ischemia (angina pectoris) and it is severe chest pain
58
What is total obstruction called and what is it?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack) and it is when the tissue dies and is replaced by scar tissue
59
What is the cardiac cycle?
All the events that occur during one heartbeat (contraction of atria followed by contraction of ventricles)
60
What is the average person heart bpm?
70 bpm or 0.85 beats/ minute
61
What are autorhythmic fibers and what do they do?
They are special cardiac muscle fibers that allow the heart to beat
62
Name 3 characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers
Self excitable, repeatedly generate action potentials, form cardiac conduction system
63
What percent of cardiac muscle cells form the electrical conduction system of the heart?
1%
64
What is an electricocardiogram?
A record of electrical charges accompanying a heartbeat
65
Where are electrodes placed during an electrocardiogram?
2 on the arms, 2 on the legs, and 4 to 6 around the heart
66
How many different tracings of activity can and electrocardiogram see?
12
67
What does an electrocardiogram determine?
A normal conduction pathway, enlarged heart, damaged heart regions, cause of chest pain
68
What is a systole?
Contraction part during a heartbeat
69
What is the diastole of a heartbeat?
The relaxation period
70
What happens during the diastole?
The chambers fill with blood
71
What happens during the systole?
The chambers contract and empty blood. The atria contract first and then the ventricles
72
Why does the heartbeat make a noise?
The sound the result from turbulence in blood flow when valves shut
73
What is the lubb sound of a heartbeat?
A long grueling initial sound resulting from AV valves closing at the end of ventricular systole
74
What is the dubb sound Of a heartbeat made from?
The SL valves closing at the end of ventricular systole
75
Why is there a pause after the dubb sound?
It is the relaxation period
76
What are the three electrocardiogram waves?
P wave, QRS wave, T wave
77
What happens during the P wave?
The atria contracts (depolarization)
78
What happens during the QRS wave?
Onset of ventricular contraction (depolarization)
79
What is the T wave??
Ventricular relaxation (Repolarization)
80
How do you calculate the cardiac output?
Stroke volume times heart rate
81
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each minute
82
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The amount of blood checked it during each ventricle contraction (each beat)
83
What affects cardiac output?
Either Stroke volume or heart rate
84
What factors affect stroke volume?
Preload, Force of contraction, and afterload
85
What is the preload?
Blood pressure at the end of diastole
86
What is afterload?
Vascular pressure to overcome to push blood out of chamber
87
What does the heart rate influence?
ANS, hormones, ions, body temperature, age, gender, physical fitness
88
What are The functions of blood vessels
Transport blood through the body, exchange substances, diffuse oxygen and nutrients
89
What percent of blood is carried by systemic veins and venules?
64%
90
What percent of blood is carried by systemic arteries and arterioles?
13%
91
What percent of blood is carried by pulmonary vessels?
9%
92
What percent of blood is carried by the heart?
7%
93
What percent of blood is carried by systemic capillaries?
7%
94
What are the 3 tunics of arteries surrounded by?
Lumen(hollow tube)
95
What do smooth muscles in the walls of arteries cause?
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
96
What is the function of arterioles?
Regulate blood pressure and blood flow to capillaries
97
Name two characteristics of arterioles
They are almost microscopic and they branch from small arteries into tissues
98
What is the function of capillaries?
Exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissue fluid
99
What do capillaries contain and what do they do?
They contain sphincters (smooth muscle rings) that control the direction of blood flow
100
How do capillary blood cells move?
In single file
101
Name two characteristics of capillaries
They are thin walled and microscopic
102
Do venules deal with low or high blood pressure?
Low
103
What is the function of venules?
Carry blood away from capillaries
104
Can veins expand?
Yes
105
What is the largest blood reservoir in the body?
Veins
106
What type of blood vessel contains valves?
Veins
107
What are the three layers of a vein?
Tunica interna, Tunica media, tunica externa
108
What where is the tunica interna and what is it made out of?
It is the inner layer and it is made of simple squamous tissue and a basement membrane
109
What layer is the Tunica media and it what is it made out of?
It is the middle layer and it is made out of smooth muscle
110
What layer is the tunica externa what does it look like?
Outer layer. It is elastic, tough, stretchy and It is the thickest part of the vein
111
What is vascular resistance?
Opposition to blood flow
112
What does vascular resistance depend on?
The lumen diameter, blood viscosity, and total blood vessel length
113
What is blood viscosity?
Ratio of red blood cells to plasma volume
114
What is happens in obesity?
Additional blood vessels in adipose tissue
115
The contraction of what generates blood pressure?
Ventricles
116
What is blood pressure?
Pressure exerted on walls of arteries
117
What is blood pressure determined by?
Cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance
118
What is systolic blood pressure?
Highest pressure in arteries during left ventricles systole
119
What is diastolic blood pressure?
The highest pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
120
What is a normal blood pressure for adults?
120/80mmHg
121
Where is blood pressure measured?
The brachial artery of left arm
122
What device is used to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
123
What are the sounds heard when taking blood pressure?
Korotkoff sounds
124
What are you hearing during systolic blood pressure?
The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction
125
What happens during diastolic blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation
126
What is a pulse?
Alternate expanding and recoil of arterial walls
127
Where is the radial artery located at?
Wrist
128
Where is the carotid artery located at?
Lower neck
129
Where is the brachial artery located at?
Elbow
130
Where is the femoral artery located at?
Groin
131
Where is the popliteal artery located at?
Behind knee
132
What is a stroke and what does it cause?
A small cranial arteriole burst that causes lack of oxygen in the brain
133
What is coronary artery disease caused by and what does it reduce?
Caused by accumulation of atherosclerosis plaques inside wall of coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to myocardium
134
What is a atherosclerosis
A progressive disease from accumulative cholesterol arteries
135
What is congestive heart failure and what is it caused by?
Loss of pumping efficiency caused by coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and valve disorders
136
What is an aneurysm?
A thin weak section of an artery or vein wall that boulders outward
137
What is arrhythmia?
In irregular heartbeat
138
What is sternosis?
Narrowing of heart valve opening that restricts bloodflow into chambers
139
What is a heart murmur caused by?
leaky heart valves
140
What is varicose veins?
Blood back up and pooling in veins do to weak or damaged valves in veins
141
What does having varicose veins cause?
Swelling and twisting of beans at surface
142
It is the most deadly fibrillation?
Ventricular fibrillation
