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Anatomy > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the heart weigh?

A

8-10 ounces

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastium area on top of the diaphragm

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3
Q

What is the tip/ bottom of the heart called?

A

Apex

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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6
Q

What is the serous pericardium divided into?

A

Parietal and visceral layer

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7
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

A tough non elastic dense irregular CT layer of the heart that attaches to the diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevent over stretching of the heart, protects it, and anchors heart in its cavity

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9
Q

What is the parietal layer fused to?

A

The fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

What is the visceral layer connected to?

A

The heart

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11
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

A

Pericardial fluid (serous fluid)

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12
Q

What is the function of the pericardial cavity?

A

Reduce friction as the heart moves

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13
Q

What are the 3 walls of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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14
Q

What layer is the epicardium?

A

External (visceral) layer

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15
Q

What layer is the myocardium?

A

The middle layer

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16
Q

What layer is the endocardium?

A

The internal layer

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17
Q

How big is the heart?

A

About the size of the human fist… 5.5 in. Long, 3.5 in. Wide, and 2.5 in. Thick

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18
Q

What is the epicardium made of?

A

Adipose and fibroelastic tissue

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19
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and coronary arteries

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20
Q

What makes up 95% of the heart wall?

A

The myocardium

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21
Q

What is the myocardium made of?

A

Cardiac muscle (pumping action)

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22
Q

What is the endocardium made of?

A

A thin layer of endothelium and a thin layer of CT

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23
Q

What does the endocardium do?

A

Provide a smooth lining of chambers and it covers valves

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24
Q

What 2 chambers receive receive blood?

A

The right and left atria

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25
Q

What 2 chambers pump blood to parts of the body?

A

The right and left ventricles

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26
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart deal with?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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27
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart deal with?

A

Oxygenated blood

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28
Q

What are the 2 main heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

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29
Q

What does the atrioventricular valve separate?

A

Atrium from ventricles

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30
Q

What are the 2 parts of the atrioventricular valves?

A

The tricuspid valve (right side) and bicuspid/ mitral valve (left side)

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31
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Withstand high pressure from contracting ventricles

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32
Q

What do the semilunar valves separate?

A

Ventricle from major artery

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33
Q

What are the parts of the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve (right side) and aortic valve (left side)

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34
Q

What do the semilunar valves deal with?

A

Deal with smaller volumes of blood and lower BP exerted on valves

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35
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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36
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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37
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries from the aorta

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38
Q

Where is blood drained from the heart?

A

Drained through the coronary sinus into the right atrium

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39
Q

What are the 3 chamber walls?

A

Atrial walls, left ventricle wall, and right ventricle wall

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40
Q

What do the atrial walls look like?

A

They are thin walled

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41
Q

What does the left ventricular wall look like?

A

It is very thick

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42
Q

How thick is the right ventricular wall?

A

It is thicker than the atria and thinner than the left ventricle wall

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43
Q

What is the function of the atrial walls?

A

Collect and pump blood a short distance

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44
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle wall?

A

Pump blood throughout the entire body

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45
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle wall?

A

Pump blood to lungs

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46
Q

What happens when the atria contracts?

A

Higher pressure within forces AV valves to open

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47
Q

What happens when the ventricles contract?

A

Pressure of blood increases which forces the SL valves to open

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48
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

The myocardiums own network of blood vessels

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49
Q

What do the myocardium blood vessels do?

A

Supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle wall

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50
Q

What kind of blood to coronary arteries carry?

A

Oxygen rich blood

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51
Q

What kind of blood do coronary veins carry?

A

Oxygen poor blood

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52
Q

What is the function of coronary arteries?

A

Deliver blood to heart muscle from the aorta when the heart relaxes

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53
Q

What is the function of coronary veins?

A

Receive blood from heart muscle and drain into coronary sinus

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54
Q

What is the left coronary artery also called and what is its function?

A

Also called the widow maker and it supplies oxygen to anterior ventricle walls and left atrium

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55
Q

What is the function of the right coronary artery?

A

Supply oxygen to right atrium wall and right ventricle wall

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56
Q

What are the two types of coronary artery obstruction?

A

Partial obstruction and total obstruction

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57
Q

What is partial obstruction called and what is it?

A

Myocardium ischemia (angina pectoris) and it is severe chest pain

58
Q

What is total obstruction called and what is it?

A

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) and it is when the tissue dies and is replaced by scar tissue

59
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

All the events that occur during one heartbeat (contraction of atria followed by contraction of ventricles)

60
Q

What is the average person heart bpm?

A

70 bpm or 0.85 beats/ minute

61
Q

What are autorhythmic fibers and what do they do?

A

They are special cardiac muscle fibers that allow the heart to beat

62
Q

Name 3 characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers

A

Self excitable, repeatedly generate action potentials, form cardiac conduction system

63
Q

What percent of cardiac muscle cells form the electrical conduction system of the heart?

A

1%

64
Q

What is an electricocardiogram?

A

A record of electrical charges accompanying a heartbeat

65
Q

Where are electrodes placed during an electrocardiogram?

A

2 on the arms, 2 on the legs, and 4 to 6 around the heart

66
Q

How many different tracings of activity can and electrocardiogram see?

A

12

67
Q

What does an electrocardiogram determine?

A

A normal conduction pathway, enlarged heart, damaged heart regions, cause of chest pain

68
Q

What is a systole?

A

Contraction part during a heartbeat

69
Q

What is the diastole of a heartbeat?

A

The relaxation period

70
Q

What happens during the diastole?

A

The chambers fill with blood

71
Q

What happens during the systole?

A

The chambers contract and empty blood. The atria contract first and then the ventricles

72
Q

Why does the heartbeat make a noise?

A

The sound the result from turbulence in blood flow when valves shut

73
Q

What is the lubb sound of a heartbeat?

A

A long grueling initial sound resulting from AV valves closing at the end of ventricular systole

74
Q

What is the dubb sound Of a heartbeat made from?

A

The SL valves closing at the end of ventricular systole

75
Q

Why is there a pause after the dubb sound?

A

It is the relaxation period

76
Q

What are the three electrocardiogram waves?

A

P wave, QRS wave, T wave

77
Q

What happens during the P wave?

A

The atria contracts (depolarization)

78
Q

What happens during the QRS wave?

A

Onset of ventricular contraction (depolarization)

79
Q

What is the T wave??

A

Ventricular relaxation (Repolarization)

80
Q

How do you calculate the cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume times heart rate

81
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each minute

82
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

The amount of blood checked it during each ventricle contraction (each beat)

83
Q

What affects cardiac output?

A

Either Stroke volume or heart rate

84
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

Preload, Force of contraction, and afterload

85
Q

What is the preload?

A

Blood pressure at the end of diastole

86
Q

What is afterload?

A

Vascular pressure to overcome to push blood out of chamber

87
Q

What does the heart rate influence?

A

ANS, hormones, ions, body temperature, age, gender, physical fitness

88
Q

What are The functions of blood vessels

A

Transport blood through the body, exchange substances, diffuse oxygen and nutrients

89
Q

What percent of blood is carried by systemic veins and venules?

A

64%

90
Q

What percent of blood is carried by systemic arteries and arterioles?

A

13%

91
Q

What percent of blood is carried by pulmonary vessels?

A

9%

92
Q

What percent of blood is carried by the heart?

A

7%

93
Q

What percent of blood is carried by systemic capillaries?

A

7%

94
Q

What are the 3 tunics of arteries surrounded by?

A

Lumen(hollow tube)

95
Q

What do smooth muscles in the walls of arteries cause?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

96
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Regulate blood pressure and blood flow to capillaries

97
Q

Name two characteristics of arterioles

A

They are almost microscopic and they branch from small arteries into tissues

98
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissue fluid

99
Q

What do capillaries contain and what do they do?

A

They contain sphincters (smooth muscle rings) that control the direction of blood flow

100
Q

How do capillary blood cells move?

A

In single file

101
Q

Name two characteristics of capillaries

A

They are thin walled and microscopic

102
Q

Do venules deal with low or high blood pressure?

A

Low

103
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

Carry blood away from capillaries

104
Q

Can veins expand?

A

Yes

105
Q

What is the largest blood reservoir in the body?

A

Veins

106
Q

What type of blood vessel contains valves?

A

Veins

107
Q

What are the three layers of a vein?

A

Tunica interna, Tunica media, tunica externa

108
Q

What where is the tunica interna and what is it made out of?

A

It is the inner layer and it is made of simple squamous tissue and a basement membrane

109
Q

What layer is the Tunica media and it what is it made out of?

A

It is the middle layer and it is made out of smooth muscle

110
Q

What layer is the tunica externa what does it look like?

A

Outer layer. It is elastic, tough, stretchy and It is the thickest part of the vein

111
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Opposition to blood flow

112
Q

What does vascular resistance depend on?

A

The lumen diameter, blood viscosity, and total blood vessel length

113
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

Ratio of red blood cells to plasma volume

114
Q

What is happens in obesity?

A

Additional blood vessels in adipose tissue

115
Q

The contraction of what generates blood pressure?

A

Ventricles

116
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Pressure exerted on walls of arteries

117
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

Cardiac output, blood volume, vascular resistance

118
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Highest pressure in arteries during left ventricles systole

119
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The highest pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole

120
Q

What is a normal blood pressure for adults?

A

120/80mmHg

121
Q

Where is blood pressure measured?

A

The brachial artery of left arm

122
Q

What device is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

123
Q

What are the sounds heard when taking blood pressure?

A

Korotkoff sounds

124
Q

What are you hearing during systolic blood pressure?

A

The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction

125
Q

What happens during diastolic blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation

126
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Alternate expanding and recoil of arterial walls

127
Q

Where is the radial artery located at?

A

Wrist

128
Q

Where is the carotid artery located at?

A

Lower neck

129
Q

Where is the brachial artery located at?

A

Elbow

130
Q

Where is the femoral artery located at?

A

Groin

131
Q

Where is the popliteal artery located at?

A

Behind knee

132
Q

What is a stroke and what does it cause?

A

A small cranial arteriole burst that causes lack of oxygen in the brain

133
Q

What is coronary artery disease caused by and what does it reduce?

A

Caused by accumulation of atherosclerosis plaques inside wall of coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to myocardium

134
Q

What is a atherosclerosis

A

A progressive disease from accumulative cholesterol arteries

135
Q

What is congestive heart failure and what is it caused by?

A

Loss of pumping efficiency caused by coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and valve disorders

136
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A thin weak section of an artery or vein wall that boulders outward

137
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

In irregular heartbeat

138
Q

What is sternosis?

A

Narrowing of heart valve opening that restricts bloodflow into chambers

139
Q

What is a heart murmur caused by?

A

leaky heart valves

140
Q

What is varicose veins?

A

Blood back up and pooling in veins do to weak or damaged valves in veins

141
Q

What does having varicose veins cause?

A

Swelling and twisting of beans at surface

142
Q

It is the most deadly fibrillation?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

Anatomy (18 decks)

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