The Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the function of passages in the respiratory system?
Transport air to and from the lungs
What is the function of air sacs in the respiratory system?
Exchange gas between atmosphere and body cells
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body
What is the nose made of?
Bone and cartilage
What is a nostril (nare)?
An entrance for air
What is the nasal cavity?
The space posterior to the nose
What does the nasal septum do?
Divides the nasal cavity medially
What is the nasal chonchae?
A system of curled bones from the wall of the nasal cavity
What does the nasal chonchae divide?
The nasal cavity into passageways
What does the nasal chonchae increase the surface area of?
The mucous membrane
What is the function of the mucous membrane?
Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air
What are paranasal sinuses?
Airfilled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
What organ of the respiratory system reduced the skull weight?
Paranasal sinuses
What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?
A mucous membrane
What is the pharynx also known as?
The throat
Where is the pharynx located and what does it house?
Posterior to the mouth and houses the tonsils
What is the pharynx a passageway for?
Food and air
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Where is the nasopharynx located?
At the back of the nostrils
Where is the Oropharynx located?
The middle section, back of the throat
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Above the larynx
What is the larynx also known as?
The voice box
What does the larynx connect?
The trachea and pharynx
What does the larynx house?
Vocal cords
What is the larynx composed of?
Muscle and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
What are the two largest cartilage areas in the larynx?
The thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
What is the cricoid cartilage?
The lowest portion of the larynx, ring-shaped
How is the thyroid cartilage shaped?
It is shield like
What is the laryngeal prominence also called?
The Adam’s apple
What does the respiratory system include?
Passages and air sacs
What are your vocal folds?
Ligaments of elastic fibers, one pair
What color do vocal folds appear as?
White because there are no blood vessels
What is a pitch (tone) controlled by?
Contracting and relaxing laryngeal muscles
What is intensity (loudness)?
Force of air over vocal folds
What is the function of false vocal folds?
Help close glottis
Where are false vocal folds located?
Superior to vocal folds
Are false vocal folds involved in sound?
No
What is the glottis?
An opening between vocal folds
When the glottis is closed what does it prevent?
Food from entering the trachea
Where do muscles close the glottis at?
False vocal folds
What is the epiglottis?
A flap like structure attached to the glottis that allows air to enter the larynx
What is the trachea also known as?
The windpipe
What is the trachea?
Flexible tube that is made of c shaped rings, Hyline cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
Where is the trachea located?
In front of the esophagus
What is the trachea lined with?
Mucous membranes and goblet cells that secrete mucus
What is the function of the trachea?
Trap particles and move them away from lungs
What are the lungs in closed by?
The diaphragm and thoracic cavity
What are the lungs surrounded by?
A double layer of serous membrane
What is the visceral pleura attached to?
The surface of the lung
What is the parietal pleura attached to?
On the wall of the thoracic cavity
What is the plural cavity?
A very small gap between the layers of the serous membrane on the lungs that are filled with serous fluid
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
How many alveoli are in the lungs?
300 million
What are alveoli?
Saclike structures made of simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a capillary network in the lungs
What is the function of alveoli?
Gas exchange between lungs and blood
What is coughing?
A long deep inhale followed by a strong exhale
What does coughing do?
Clears foreign bodies from the larynx, pharynx, and epiglottis
What is sneezing?
A spasmodic contraction of muscles or exhalation
Why do we sneez?
Irritation of nasal mucosa
What is hiccuping?
Hey spasmodic contraction of diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the larynx
Why do we hiccup?
Irritation of sensory nerve endings of the G.I. tract
What is crying?
Inhalation followed by a release in a short exhalations
What vibrates when we cry?
Vocal cords?
What is yawning?
A deep inhale, jaws wide open
When we yawn what does it ventilate?
Alveoli
What are the 6 non respiratory air movements?
Coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, crying, laughing, and yawning
What are the two types of gas exchange?
External respiration and internal respiration
What type of gas exchange does external respiration involve?
Blood and lungs
What type of gas exchange does internal respiration involve?
Tissue/blood
What is air?
A mixture of gases
What does alveoli provide for gas exchange?
A large surface area
What controls gas concentrations?
The rate and depth of breathing
During external respiration where does oxygen diffuses from?
Alveoli into capillaries
During external respiration where does carbon dioxide diffuses from?
Capillaries into alveoli
What is internal respiration determined by?
Rate of metabolism of cells that consume in produce oxygen and carbon dioxide
Where does oxygen diffuse from during internal respiration?
Capillaries into interstitial fluid to body cells
Where does carbon dioxide diffuses from during internal respiration?
Cells into interstitial fluid to systemic capillaries
What are the two ways oxygen is carried by blood?
They bind to hemoglobin or dissolved in blood plasma
What is hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen delivery to body tissues
How many milliliters of carbon dioxide do body cells produce each minute?
200 mL
What percent of oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells?
98.5%
What percent of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma?
1.5%
What are the three ways blood transports carbon dioxide?
Dissolved in plasma, chemically bonded to hemoglobin, as part of a bicarbonate ion in plasma
What percent of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma?
1.7%
What percent of carbon dioxide is chemically bonded to hemoglobin?
2.23%
What percent of carbon dioxide is a part of a bicarbonate ion plasma?
3.7%
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
An irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
What diseases are included and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What are symptoms of COPD?
History of smoking, coughing, frequent pulmonary infections, respiratory failure, and dyspnea
What is dyspnea?
Labored breathing that progressively gets worse
What is hypoventilation?
Respiratory failure
What is emphysema?
Permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar wall
What happens to the lungs in emphysema?
The lungs loose elasticity
In emphysema, bronchioles _______ during inspiration and _______ during expiration.
Open, collapse
During emphysema what structure traps large volumes of air in alveoli?
The bronchioles
What COPD disease leads to a barrel chest?
Emphysema
What is chronic bronchitis?
Inhaled irritants that lead to excessive mucus production
In chronic bronchitis, what becomes inflamed?
Mucous membrane in lower respiratory passageways
What is tuberculosis?
An Infectious bacterial disease spread by coughing and inhaling infected air
How much of the worlds population is infected with tuberculosis?
1/3
Why don’t most people develop active tuberculosis?
Immune responses
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood
What is the treatment for tuberculosis?
12 months of antibiotics
