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Anatomy > CNS: The Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

CNS: The Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What layer is the Dura Mater and what does it do?

A

The outermost layer and the strongest. It connects the periosteum of bones.

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2
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

Spaces within the Dura mater

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3
Q

Is the arachnoid Mater vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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4
Q

What is avascular?

A

No blood flow

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5
Q

What is vascular?

A

Blood flow occurs

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6
Q

What layer is the arachnoid Mater?

A

The middle layer

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7
Q

What characteristics does the Pia Mater have?

A

It is thin and transparent

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8
Q

Is the Pia mater vascular or avascular

A

Vascular

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9
Q

What is the function of the Pia Mater

A

To adhere tightly to the brain and spinal cord surfaces

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10
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A clear colorless liquid that is mostly made of water

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11
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Protect against chemical and physical injuries.

Carry oxygen, glucose, and chemicals from blood to neurons and neuroglia

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12
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Between the arachnoid Mater and Pia mater

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13
Q

Where does The cerebrospinal fluid circulate through?

A

The subarachnoid Mater

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14
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

In the ventricles of the brain

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15
Q

Where is CSF secreted from?

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

What do meninges do?

A

Protect the central nervous system

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17
Q

Mechanical protection is a….

A

Shock absorber

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18
Q

What does chemical protection do?

A

Maintain an optimal chemical environment with ions

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19
Q

What does circulation provide?

A

An exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue

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20
Q

What is white matter?

A

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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21
Q

What is gray matter?

A

It contains dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

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22
Q

What three things does the spinal cord consist of?

A

A bony vertebral column, Meninges, epidural space

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23
Q

Where is epidural space and what does it consist of?

A

It is between the Dura Mater and vertebral column. It consists of fat and connective tissue for protection

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24
Q

What are the two parts the spinal cord is divided into?

A

Anterior (ventral) median fissure

Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus

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25
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A groove, fold or slit

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26
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove or depression between two parts

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27
Q

What is in the center of a gray matter in what does it contain?

A

The central canal and it contains CSF

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28
Q

What is gray matter divided into?

A

Horns

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29
Q

What three horns is gray matter divided into?

A

Posterior (dorsal) gray horn
Anterior (ventral) gray horn
Lateral gray horn

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30
Q

In the posterior gray horn, what do cell bodies and axons of interneurons do?

A

Send impulses to other parts of the spinal cord and brain

31
Q

What is in the anterior gray horn?

A

Cell bodies and axons of somatic motor neurons (muscle contraction)

32
Q

Where is the lateral Gray Horn only in?

A

The Thoracic and upper lumber spinal region

33
Q

What is in the lateral gray horn?

A

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate cardiac, smooth muscle, and gland activities

34
Q

What is the function of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Receive and integrate incoming and outgoing information

35
Q

What is white matter organized into?

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior columns

36
Q

What does each column in white matter contain?

A

One or more tracts

37
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundles of axons carrying the same information to the same destination

38
Q

What do sensory (ascending) tracts do?

A

Send the impulse towards the brain

39
Q

What do motor (descending) tracts do?

A

Send the impulse down the spinal cord

40
Q

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Transfer sensory impulses from receptors to the brain and send a motor impulses from the brain to effectors (muscles, glands)

41
Q

What are roots?

A

2 bundles of axons

42
Q

What do roots connect?

A

Each spinal nerve to the spinal cord

43
Q

What do anterior or ventral roots contain and what do they do?

A

They contain axons of motor neurons and conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

44
Q

What do posterior or dorsal roots contain in what do they do?

A

They contain sensory neurons and dorsal root ganglion and conduct impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

45
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

46
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

47
Q

What are spinal reflexes?

A

A fast, involuntary response to a stimulus

48
Q

What is a spinal reflex and give an example

A

Integration in spinal cord gray matter

Ex: patellar reflex

49
Q

What is a cranial reflex and give an example

A

Integration in the brain stem.

Ex: eye movement

50
Q

Give an example of a somatic reflex

A

Muscle contraction

51
Q

What is an autonomic (visceral) reflex?

A

Response to smooth muscle, heart, and glands

52
Q

Name three characteristics of the brain

A

Contains 100 billion neurons

53
Q

Name the four parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the cerebellum

54
Q

What does the brain maintain homeostasis through?

A

Sensory inputs and motor outputs

55
Q

What are the three functions of the brain?

A

Maintain homeostasis, make decisions, integrating store new information

56
Q

Why are there folds in the brain and what are they called?

A

The brain grows more rapidly than the skull and it folds to occupy space. They are called convolutions

57
Q

What are shallow grooves called?

A

Sulci (sulcus)

58
Q

What are the deepest grooves called?

A

Fissures

59
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

60
Q

What does the cerebrum provide us the ability to do?

A

Read, write, speak, analyze, memory

61
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

62
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-4 millimeters thick

63
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

The corpus callosum

64
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bandof white matter containing axons that extend between hemispheres

65
Q

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.

A

Frontal, Temporal, occipital, and parietal

66
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebrum?

A

Sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas

67
Q

What do sensory areas in the cerebrum do?

A

Receives sensory information and are involved in perception

68
Q

What is the motor area involved in in the cerebrum?

A

Intimate involuntary movements

69
Q

What are association areas involved in?

A

Memory, emotions, reasoning, judgment, personality traits, and intelligence

70
Q

Where are the sensory areas located in the brain?

A

The posterior half of the cerebral hemispheres

71
Q

What is the primary somatosensory area do?

A

Allows you to know the exact points on the body where sensations originate
• pressure, temperature, pain, joint and muscle position

72
Q

What does the primary gustatory area deal with?

A

Taste

73
Q

What does the primary olfactory area deal with?

A

Smell

74
Q

What are outward fold or bumps called?

A

Gyri

Anatomy (18 decks)

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