CNS: The Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 1

What layer is the Dura Mater and what does it do?

Answer 1

The outermost layer and the strongest. It connects the periosteum of bones.

Question 2

What are dural sinuses?

Answer 2

Spaces within the Dura mater

Question 3

Is the arachnoid Mater vascular or avascular?

Answer 3

Avascular

Question 4

What is avascular?

Answer 4

No blood flow

Question 5

What is vascular?

Answer 5

Blood flow occurs

Question 6

What layer is the arachnoid Mater?

Answer 6

The middle layer

Question 7

What characteristics does the Pia Mater have?

Answer 7

It is thin and transparent

Question 8

Is the Pia mater vascular or avascular

Answer 8

Vascular

Question 9

What is the function of the Pia Mater

Answer 9

To adhere tightly to the brain and spinal cord surfaces

Question 10

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 10

A clear colorless liquid that is mostly made of water

Question 11

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 11

Protect against chemical and physical injuries.

Carry oxygen, glucose, and chemicals from blood to neurons and neuroglia

Question 12

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

Answer 12

Between the arachnoid Mater and Pia mater

Question 13

Where does The cerebrospinal fluid circulate through?

Answer 13

The subarachnoid Mater

Question 14

Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

Answer 14

In the ventricles of the brain

Question 15

Where is CSF secreted from?

Answer 15

Ependymal cells

Question 16

What do meninges do?

Answer 16

Protect the central nervous system

Question 17

Mechanical protection is a….

Answer 17

Shock absorber

Question 18

What does chemical protection do?

Answer 18

Maintain an optimal chemical environment with ions

Question 19

What does circulation provide?

Answer 19

An exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue

Question 20

What is white matter?

Answer 20

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Question 21

What is gray matter?

Answer 21

It contains dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

Question 22

What three things does the spinal cord consist of?

Answer 22

A bony vertebral column, Meninges, epidural space

Question 23

Where is epidural space and what does it consist of?

Answer 23

It is between the Dura Mater and vertebral column. It consists of fat and connective tissue for protection

Question 24

What are the two parts the spinal cord is divided into?

Answer 24

Anterior (ventral) median fissure

Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus

Question 25

What is a fissure?

Answer 25

A groove, fold or slit

Question 26

What is a sulcus?

Answer 26

A groove or depression between two parts

Question 27

What is in the center of a gray matter in what does it contain?

Answer 27

The central canal and it contains CSF

Question 28

What is gray matter divided into?

Answer 28

Horns

Question 29

What three horns is gray matter divided into?

Answer 29

Posterior (dorsal) gray horn Anterior (ventral) gray horn Lateral gray horn

Question 30

In the posterior gray horn, what do cell bodies and axons of interneurons do?

Answer 30

Send impulses to other parts of the spinal cord and brain

Question 31

What is in the anterior gray horn?

Answer 31

Cell bodies and axons of somatic motor neurons (muscle contraction)

Question 32

Where is the lateral Gray Horn only in?

Answer 32

The Thoracic and upper lumber spinal region

Question 33

What is in the lateral gray horn?

Answer 33

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate cardiac, smooth muscle, and gland activities

Question 34

What is the function of gray matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 34

Receive and integrate incoming and outgoing information

Question 35

What is white matter organized into?

Answer 35

Anterior, lateral, and posterior columns

Question 36

What does each column in white matter contain?

Answer 36

One or more tracts

Question 37

What is a tract?

Answer 37

Bundles of axons carrying the same information to the same destination

Question 38

What do sensory (ascending) tracts do?

Answer 38

Send the impulse towards the brain

Question 39

What do motor (descending) tracts do?

Answer 39

Send the impulse down the spinal cord

Question 40

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 40

Transfer sensory impulses from receptors to the brain and send a motor impulses from the brain to effectors (muscles, glands)

Question 41

What are roots?

Answer 41

2 bundles of axons

Question 42

What do roots connect?

Answer 42

Each spinal nerve to the spinal cord

Question 43

What do anterior or ventral roots contain and what do they do?

Answer 43

They contain axons of motor neurons and conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

Question 44

What do posterior or dorsal roots contain in what do they do?

Answer 44

They contain sensory neurons and dorsal root ganglion and conduct impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

Question 45

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 45

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 46

What are effectors?

Answer 46

Muscles and glands

Question 47

What are spinal reflexes?

Answer 47

A fast, involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 48

What is a spinal reflex and give an example

Answer 48

Integration in spinal cord gray matter | Ex: patellar reflex

Question 49

What is a cranial reflex and give an example

Answer 49

Integration in the brain stem. | Ex: eye movement

Question 50

Give an example of a somatic reflex

Answer 50

Muscle contraction

Question 51

What is an autonomic (visceral) reflex?

Answer 51

Response to smooth muscle, heart, and glands

Question 52

Name three characteristics of the brain

Answer 52

Contains 100 billion neurons

Question 53

Name the four parts of the brain

Answer 53

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the cerebellum

Question 54

What does the brain maintain homeostasis through?

Answer 54

Sensory inputs and motor outputs

Question 55

What are the three functions of the brain?

Answer 55

Maintain homeostasis, make decisions, integrating store new information

Question 56

Why are there folds in the brain and what are they called?

Answer 56

The brain grows more rapidly than the skull and it folds to occupy space. They are called convolutions

Question 57

What are shallow grooves called?

Answer 57

Sulci (sulcus)

Question 58

What are the deepest grooves called?

Answer 58

Fissures

Question 59

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

Answer 59

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 60

What does the cerebrum provide us the ability to do?

Answer 60

Read, write, speak, analyze, memory

Question 61

What is the largest part of the brain?

Answer 61

The cerebrum

Question 62

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 62

2-4 millimeters thick

Question 63

What are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by?

Answer 63

The corpus callosum

Question 64

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 64

A bandof white matter containing axons that extend between hemispheres

Question 65

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.

Answer 65

Frontal, Temporal, occipital, and parietal

Question 66

What are the three functional areas of the cerebrum?

Answer 66

Sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas

Question 67

What do sensory areas in the cerebrum do?

Answer 67

Receives sensory information and are involved in perception

Question 68

What is the motor area involved in in the cerebrum?

Answer 68

Intimate involuntary movements

Question 69

What are association areas involved in?

Answer 69

Memory, emotions, reasoning, judgment, personality traits, and intelligence

Question 70

Where are the sensory areas located in the brain?

Answer 70

The posterior half of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 71

What is the primary somatosensory area do?

Answer 71

Allows you to know the exact points on the body where sensations originate • pressure, temperature, pain, joint and muscle position

Question 72

What does the primary gustatory area deal with?

Answer 72

Taste

Question 73

What does the primary olfactory area deal with?

Answer 73

Smell

Question 74

What are outward fold or bumps called?

Answer 74

Gyri