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Oral Biology > The Oral Environment > Flashcards

The Oral Environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is present within the salivary glands to produce the saliva

A

specialised acini

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2
Q

what are the oral fluids

A
  • saliva
  • gingival crevicular fluid
  • oral bacteria
  • food debris
  • epithelial cells
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3
Q

where is the gingival crevicular fluid found

A

in the crevice between the tooth and the gingiva known as the sulculus

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4
Q

what are the main brackets of function of the oral fluids

A

digestive and protective

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5
Q

what are the protective functions of the oral fluids

A

cleansing
mucosal protection
buffering
remineralisation
antimicrobial

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6
Q

how do you measure pH

A

logarithmic scale - every unit of pH change is a factor of 10

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7
Q

why do buffers within the ph have a constant of association known as the pKa

A

because the buffer can only take the hydrogen ions in a certain range in order to stop the drop in pH

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8
Q

what is remineralisation

A

this is when the tooth loses the mineral and is able to gain it back

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9
Q

how does the saliva make teeth stronger

A

can provide calcium phosphate to the tooth structure when it has been demineralised

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10
Q

what does fluoride come from mainly for our mouths

A

toothpaste

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11
Q

why does thrush often occur after a course of antibiotics has been taken

A

the microorganism that causes thrush is found in the fungi family and therefore is not killed by the antibiotics. the antibiotics also kill all the flora in the mouth, including the good ones, reducing protection.

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12
Q

what produces mucous in the respiratory tract

A

globular cells

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13
Q

what produces mucous in the mouth

A

the salivary glands

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14
Q

what can happen to the experience of eating when there is reduced salivary flow

A

things don’t taste as nice and can be harder to chew

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15
Q

what are the digestive functions of the oral fluids

A

taste
digestive enzymes
lubricating bolus

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16
Q

what is an example of a digestive enzyme found within the oral fluid

A

amylase

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17
Q

why is it important that the saliva lubricates bolus for chewing and swallowing

A

it needs to be soft enough to be swallowed

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18
Q

what is the link between saliva and oral diseases

A

saliva is important for defence roles and a reduced flow can cause a number of oral health problems due to absence of various protective enzymes

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19
Q

why can decreased secretion of saliva occur

A

there are many reasons for this, such as salivary gland diseases or diseases of other glands

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20
Q

what is xerostomia

A

dry mouth, and a prominent symptom for patients with salivary gland disease

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21
Q

on what surfaces of the tooth can the increased incidence of dental caries be viewed when there is reduced saliva flow

A

the buccal and labial surfaces.

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22
Q

why are the buccal and labial surfaces of the tooth usually safe from dental caries if saliva flow is normal

A

they are easily cleansed by the movement of mastication

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23
Q

what are salivary glands

A

exocrine glands that produce serous and or mucous secretions.

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24
Q

what is the name of the arrangement of salivary glands

A

tubulo acinar arrangement

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25
Q

what are the minor salivary glands

A

these are a more diffuse collection of glandular tissue lying in the lamina propria of the following areas of the oral cavity:
- buccal
- labial
- lingual
- palatal - both soft and hard palate

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26
Q

what are the major salivary glands

A

these are more distinct and identifiable and are the following
- parotid
- sublingual
- submandibular
they are paired salivary glands - two of each

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27
Q

describe the salivary gland structure

A

there are acini that clump together to form capsules, the secondary arrangement
intercalated tubules are found between the acini
there are also striated tubules
all of these collect together into the main collecting duct
this is the structure of a single lobe of a salivary gland

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28
Q

why is it important that there are striated tubules

A

there are certain changes in the saliva at this area

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29
Q

what are the myoepithelial cells found in salivary glands

A

these are cells that can be found in the glands that look or react as muscle cells

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30
Q

what do acini produce

A

saliva

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31
Q

where do the acini produce the saliva into

A

the lumen, which joins onto the intercalated tubules

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32
Q

what is the difference between the serous and mucous acini

A

mucuos acini require a machinery that will produce the mucous and be kept inside the acinus. the process of keeping proteins in the acinus gives the inner portion of the cell a frothy arrangement, and the nuclei are usually pushed away from this froth. there is a big difference in colour between the froth and the nuclei.
in comparison, the serous acini lack these proteins and therefore do not have froth pushing away the nuclei.

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33
Q

describe the acinus of mixed acini

A

they have a mucous arrangement and a serous arrangement

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34
Q

what are the salivary gland secretions of the major salivary glands

A

parotid is serous
submandibular is mixed
sublingual is mucous

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35
Q

what secretion is released by the parotid salivary gland

A

serous

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36
Q

which secretion is released by the submandibular salivary gland

A

mixed

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37
Q

which secretion is released by the sublingual salivary gland

A

mucous

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38
Q

which secretion is released by the buccal minor salivary gland

A

mucous

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39
Q

which secretion is released by the labial salivary gland

A

mucous

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40
Q

which secretion is released by the lingual salivary gland

A

serous and mucous - not a mixed secretion though

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41
Q

which secretion is released by the palatal salivary gland

A

mucous

42
Q

what is gingival crevicular fluid

A

fluid from the epithelium that lines the gingival crevice that can also be called sulcular fluid
relevant for the health of the gingiva - if there is inflammation there will be concentrations of this fluid

43
Q

what is the sulcus

A

the gingival crevice

44
Q

how many ml of saliva are produced while sleeping

A

10

45
Q

how many ml of saliva are produced while awake or resting

A

250

46
Q

how many ml of saliva are produced while eating

A

360

47
Q

how many ml of saliva are secreted on average every day

A

620

48
Q

what do the contributions of the different salivary glands vary depending on

A

the degree of stimulation

49
Q

why is it important to brush our teeth before going to sleep

A

there is much less saliva being produced and therefore there is less protective function so the fluoride is required to protect the teeth further

50
Q

why is reduced saliva flow associated with oral diseases

A

absence of various protective components

51
Q

where is the sublingual salivary gland located

A

under the tongue

52
Q

where is the submandibular salivary gland located

A

base of the mandible, below the sublingual

53
Q

where is the parotid salivary gland located

A

under the ear and in front of it - not behind it

54
Q

where do the striated ducts run into

A

the main collective duct

55
Q

when does flow of the gingival crevicular fluid increase

A

when there is inflammation

56
Q

what is the average range of daily salivary flow

A

500-700

57
Q

which salivary gland secretes the majority of saliva when sleeping

A

the submandibular, at 70%

58
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when sleeping

A

15%

59
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid gland when sleeping

A

0%

60
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when sleeping

A

70%

61
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the minor salivary glands when sleeping

A

15%

62
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid salivary gland when awake

A

20%

63
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when awake

A

72%

64
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when awake

A

4%

65
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the minor glands when awake

A

4%

66
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the parotid gland when stimulated

A

50%

67
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the submandibular gland when stimulated

A

40%

68
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the sublingual gland when stimulated

A

2%

69
Q

what is the percentage contribution of the minor glands when stimulated

A

8%

70
Q

which salivary gland produces the most saliva when awake

A

submandibular

71
Q

which salivary gland produces the most saliva when stimulated

A

the parotid gland

72
Q

what are the factors that affect unstimulated salivary flow rate

A
  • state of hydration
  • previous stimulation
  • circadium rhythms
  • circannual rhythms
  • medications
  • salivary gland disease
73
Q

what is the composition of the inorganic component of saliva

A

99.5% is water
0.2% is ions

74
Q

what is the composition of the organic component of saliva

A

0.3% mainly proteins with little carbohydrate or lipid

75
Q

does the salivary composition of the glands vary

A

yes, usually varies depending on flow rate.
there is greater bicarbonate ion concentration at higher flow rates and is important for buffering plaque acids

76
Q

when is the bicarbonate concentration of saliva greater

A

when there are higher flow rates

77
Q

what are the three main categories of function that the saliva is found related to

A

the teeth, microorganisms and food

78
Q

how does the function of saliva related to food

A
  • taste
  • digestion
  • bolus formation
79
Q

how does the function of saliva related to teeth

A
  • buffering
  • decreasing demineralisation
  • remineralisation
  • lubrication
80
Q

how does the function of saliva relate to microorganisms

A

antibacterial
antifungal
antiviral

81
Q

what are the digestive enzymes found within the saliva that contribute to food digestion

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
  • dnaase
  • rnaase
82
Q

how does saliva contribute to the taste of food

A

gustin, zinc and water

83
Q

how does saliva contribute to bolus formation in the mouth

A

contains mucins and water

84
Q

how does saliva function in buffering

A

contains bicarbonate, phosphate and proteins

85
Q

how does the saliva function in reducing demineralisation of teeth

A

contains mucins, calcium and phosphate ions

86
Q

how does saliva function in remineralising teeth

A

contains calcium and phosphate ions

87
Q

how does saliva function in lubrication of teeth

A

mucins and PRG

88
Q

how does the saliva function in being antiviral

A

contains cystatins, mucons, immunoglobins and SLPI

89
Q

what does the saliva contain that allows for being antifungal

A

histatins, chromagranin A and immunoglobins

90
Q

what does the saliva contain that gives it an antibacterial function

A
  • lysozome
  • lactoferrin
  • calprotectin
  • lactoperoxidase
  • immunoglobins
  • chromogranin A
  • cystatins
  • histatins
  • vegh
  • slpi
91
Q

what ions can be found in saliva

A

fluoride
calcium
thyocyanite
bicarbonate
phosphate

92
Q

what does fluoride function as in the saliva

A
  • antibacterial
  • forms fluorapatite
  • promotes remineralisation
93
Q

what does calcium and phosphate function as in the saliva

A

remineralisation

94
Q

what does thyocyanite function as in the saliva

A

antibacterial

95
Q

what does bicarbonate and phosphate function as in the saliva

A

buffering

96
Q

when is bicarbonate most effective

A

at high flow rates when the its at its highest

97
Q

when is phosphate important as a buffer

A

at rest

98
Q

when are proteins important as buffers in the saliva

A

they have a limited effect and their main buffering action occurs at pH lower than 5

99
Q

when are bacterial ammonia ions important as buffers in the saliva

A

they have a role in buffering plaque acid

100
Q

what are the salivary buffers

A

bicarbonate
phosphates
proteins
bacterial ammonia

101
Q
A

Oral Biology (23 decks)

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