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Oral Biology > Salivary Glands (continuation of oral environment) > Flashcards

Salivary Glands (continuation of oral environment) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two main elements that make up the salivary glands

A

parenchyma and stroma

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2
Q

what is the parenchyma

A

glandular secretory tissue

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3
Q

what is the stroma

A

supporting connective tissue

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4
Q

where are the contractile myoepithelial cells of the salivary glands located

A

between the basal lamina and the basal membranes of the acinar secretory cells and intercalated duct cells

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5
Q

what branch of the nervous system controls saliva secretion

A

the autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what do the parenchyma cells produce

A

primary saliva

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7
Q

where do the ducts of the salivary glands open into

A

the oral cavity

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8
Q

why are salivary glands described as compound

A

more than one tubule entering the main duct

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9
Q

what is released from the salivary glands into the oral cavity (the answer is not just saliva)

A

only the secretions of the cell are released

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10
Q

why are salivary glands described as merocrine

A

only the secretion of the cells are released into the oral cavity

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11
Q

what are salivary glands dependent on for function

A

afferent stimulation

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12
Q

what is the major role of salivary glands related to - the answer isnt saliva

A

their major function is related to the production of mucin which acts as a lubricant during mastication

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13
Q

what is the function of mucins in the oral cavity

A

act as a lubricant during mastrication, swallowing and speech. mucin also aids pellicle formation and remineralisation

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14
Q

what are peptide growth factrors produced by

A

the submandibular gland

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15
Q

what are peptide growth factors believed to be involved in

A

wound healing alongside mucin

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16
Q

describe the basic anatomy of salivary glands

A
  • exocrine
  • main regulated secretion is caused by reflex parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation
  • acinar secretory cells which are either serous or mucous
  • major and minor
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17
Q

what do acinar cells produce

A

primary secretion which is either serous or mucous, which is modified as it passes down the ducts

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18
Q

what are the three major salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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19
Q

where are the minor salivary glands located

A

scattered throughout the oral mucosa

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20
Q

what is cystatin

A

an inhibitor of harmful cystein proteinases produced by bacteria and dying neutrophils

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21
Q

what are some antibacterial agents found within the oral environment

A

lysozome
histatin
lactoferrin
defensins

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22
Q

what is statherin

A

an inhibitor of mineralisation

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23
Q

what is gustin

A

a detector of taste

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24
Q

what is amylae

A

a polysaccharaide hydrolysing enzyme

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25
Q

what do septa do in the salivary glands

A

they subdivide the gland into major lobes which are further subdivided into lobules

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26
Q

what does each lobe of the salivary glands contian

A

numerous secretory units consisting of clusters of grapelike structures called acini positioned around a lumen

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27
Q

do serous cells secrete more or less protein than mucous cells

A

more protein

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28
Q

do serous cells secrete more or less carbohydrates than mucous cells

A

less

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29
Q

why are there capsules surrounding the salivary glands

A

protection

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30
Q

what do the acinus empty their secretions into

A

via the lumen, they empty into the intercalated duct which is lined with cuboidal epithelium, which joins a larger striated duct formed from columnar cells

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31
Q

which ducts within salivary glands are intralobular, affecting the compositiion of the secretion passing through them

A

the intercalated and striated ducts

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32
Q

what do striated ducts empty into

A

collecting ducts

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33
Q

what do the collecting ducts join to form

A

the main duct

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34
Q

where is the main duct located on the salivary glands

A

the hilum

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35
Q

what is the function of the main salivary gland duct

A

carry the saliva to the mucosal surface and may be lined near its termination by a layer of stratified squamous epithelial cells

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36
Q

what carries the blood and nerve supply into the parenchyma

A

the connective tissue septa

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37
Q

in which salivary gland do the fat cells show variability

A

the parotid gland

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38
Q

what is contained in the connective tissue stroma of the salivary glands

A

fibroblasts
collagen
fat cells

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39
Q

what do plasma cells secrete

A

the immunoglobins found in the stroma of the gland, around intralobular ducts

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40
Q

what are the acini of the parenchyma responsible for

A

production of primary secretion

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41
Q

what is saliva the product of (do NOT say the salivary glands)

A

an active secretory process

42
Q

what are serous cells the source of

A

amylase

43
Q

what is found around the acini and intercalated duct cells

A

contractile cells with several processes - represent the myoepithelial cells

44
Q

where are salivary glands not found in the oral cavity

A

the gingiva or the anterior two third of the dorsum of the tongue

45
Q

how is the secretion of the parotid and submandibular affected by anaesthetic

A

almost completely stopped as these glands are entirely nerve mediated

46
Q

does the parotid produce more or less protein than glycoprotein

A

more protein

47
Q

what are the two methods of saliva secretion

A

a first and main regulated pathway and a second pathway

48
Q

describe the first and main regulated pathway of saliva secretion

A

cells store and then secrete proteins by a process of stored granule exocytosis upon receipt of a neuronal signal. time taken from synthesis to exocytosis is about 3.5 hours

49
Q

describe the second pathway of saliva secretion

A

cells do not sore the protein but secrete it continuously through a vesciular mechanism. vesicles travel directly from the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane

50
Q

describe the parotid gland

A

largest of all the glands, enclosed within the parotid capsule.
the acini are serous
has a characteristic granular appearance as a result of numerous refractile granules in the luminal portion of the cell adjacent to the lumen
connective tissue septa can be seen subdividing the secretory parenchyma into lobes and then into lobules
connective tissue contains blood vessels, nerves and collecting ducts
the lumina are small and the nuclei are round

51
Q

what does control of innervation depend on

A

reflex nerve impulses, involving afferent limbs, salivary nuclei within the medulla and the efferent limbs which comprise the sympathetic and parasympathetic secremotor (secretory motor) nerves supplying the various glands

52
Q

which receptors are stimulated before during and after ingestion of food and drink

A

gustatory
masticatory
olfactory
psychic
visual
thermoreceptive
nociceptive

53
Q

what does stimulation of gustatory receptors lead to

A

reflex secretion of saliva

54
Q

what is the gustatory salivary reflex

A

stimulation of gustatory receptors leading to reflex secretion of saliva

55
Q

where are gustatory receptors mainly found

A

in the taste buds

56
Q

which glands does the olfactory salivary reflex involve

A

the submandibular and sublingual glands

57
Q

which autonomic fibres innervate the acini

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

58
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter for sympathetic fibres

A

noradrenaline

59
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter for parasympathetic fibres

A

acetylcholine

60
Q

what does parasympathetic drive

A

formation and secretion of secretory granules and fluid by the secretory units

61
Q

what does sympathetic drive usually cause

A

increase in the output of preformed components from the cells

62
Q

which autonomic fibre pathways cause contraction of the myoepithelial cells to direct fluid from the acinar lumen out along the duct system

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

63
Q

what do myoepithelial cells function in

A

directing fluid from the acinar lumen out along the duct system

64
Q

describe the composition of primary saliva

A

a salt secreting epithelium like sodium and chloride, bicarbonate and other less abundant anions which are transported into the acinar lumina
usually slightly hypertonic or isotonic before modification in the striated ducts.

65
Q

describe the intercalated duct

A

this is the smallest and most distal of the ducts in salivary glands and leads from the serous acini into the striated duct
usually compressed between the acini
lined by cuboidal epithelial cells
contributes to primary secretion
long, narrow and branching in the parotid gland

66
Q

which duct is the smallest in the salivary glands

A

the intercalated ducts

67
Q

what are intercalated ducts lined by

A

cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

which ducts contribute to primary secretion of saliva

A

intercalated ducts

69
Q

describe the appearance of intercalated ducts in the parotid gland

A

long narrow and branching

70
Q

describe striated ducts

A

intralobular, forming a much longer and more active component of the duct system
large and spherical centrally located nuclei
short microvilli on the luminal surface
site of electrolyte resorption and secretion without loss of water

71
Q

what do the striated ducts do and why is this important

A

they are the site of electrolyte resorption and secretion without loss of water, which is important to convert isotonic or slightly hypertonic fluid into hypotonic fluid

72
Q

what is found on the luminal surface of the striated ducts

A

microvilli

73
Q

what do the cells of the striated duct exhibit

A

small secretory granules in the luminal region that may contain epidermal growth factor

74
Q

what do the striated ducts lead into

A

the collecting duct

75
Q

what is the function of collecting ducts

A

transporting the saliva

76
Q

when does the lining of the main duct change

A

it becomes stratified as it merges with the stratified squamous epithelium of the surface oral epithelium

77
Q

where are myoepithelial cells found in salivary glands

A

lying between the basal lamina and the basal membrane of thea cinar secretory cells and the intercalated duct cells

78
Q

describe the structure of myoepithelial cells

A

stellate shaped body containing the nucleus and some tapering processes radiating from it

79
Q

what do myoepithelial cells contract as a result of

A

activity of both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

80
Q

what attaches the myoepithelial cells to the underlying parenchymal cells

A

desmosomal attachments

81
Q

what attaches adjacent myoepithelial cells

A

gap junctions

82
Q

what attaches the hemidesmosomal attachments with the basal lamina

A

gap junctions

83
Q

describe the functions of myoepithelial cells

A
  • support the underlying parenchyma
  • reduce back permeation of fluid
  • accelerate the intial outflow of saliva
  • reduce luminal volume
  • contribute to the secretory pressure
  • help salivary flow to overcome peripheral resistance
84
Q

what can lead to sialectatic damange of striated ducts which increases overall permeability

A

caused by the saliva flow having excessive resistance to peripheral resistance

85
Q

where can a population of basal cells be located in salivary glands

A

the striated and collecting ducts

86
Q

where are lymph nodes situated

A

on the surface and within the parotid gland - not found within the other salivary glands

87
Q

describe the submandibular gland

A

the second largest of the saliva glands, producing a serous mucous mixture
has a connective tissue capsule
intercalated ducts are shorter than in the parotid and the striated ducts are longer and more conspicuous

88
Q

which cells in the parotid gland contain neutral glycoproteins

A

serous cells

89
Q

what do the mucous cells in the major salivary glands contain

A

acidic glycoproteins

90
Q

where are neutral glycoproteins found

A

the parotid gland and the submandibular secretory cells
striated ducts contain them too

91
Q

where are acidic glycoproteins found

A

the mucous cells of the major salivary glands and serous cells of the submandibular

92
Q

describe the sublingual gland

A

made up of a posterior part that is not always present and an anterior part that consists of 7 to 15 small salivary glands, each with its own duct system

93
Q

where do the duct systems of the sublingual gland empty into

A

the sublingual fold

94
Q

is the duct system of the sublingual gland well developed

A

not when compared to the other major glands

95
Q

describe the duct system of the sublingual gland

A

no striated duct, the acini can lead to intercalated ducts but these may also be absent. the acini usually just lead to the collecting ducts

96
Q

what is sublingual saliva rich in

A

sodium

97
Q

why is sublingual saliva rich in sodium

A

lack of striated ducts

98
Q

describe anterior lingual glands

A

these glands are embedded within muscle near the ventral surface of the tongue and have short ducts opening near the lingual frenum

99
Q

where are the posterior lingual glands located

A

the root of the tongue

100
Q
A

Oral Biology (27 decks)

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