Salivation

Question 1

what is the other name for the parotid duct

Answer 1

stensons duct

Question 2

where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity

Answer 2

lingual frenulum

Question 3

what is the name for the submandibular duct

Answer 3

whartons duct

Question 4

where is the sublingual gland

Answer 4

base of the tongue

Question 5

where does the sublingual gland open into the oral cavity

Answer 5

floor of the oral cavity, through 10-20 ducts

Question 6

describe the innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands

Answer 6

facial nerve, found in the superior salivatory nucleus
via the chordae tympani in the middle ear cavity
parasympathetic innervation

Question 7

describe the components of the chordae tympani

Answer 7

facial nerve
taste fibres
salivatory fibres

Question 8

describe the innervation of the parotid gland

Answer 8

glossopharyngeal nerve in the inferior salivatory nucleus, goes through jugular foramen through middle ear cavity then through the foramen ovale to provide parasympathetic fibres

Question 9

describe the sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands

Answer 9

T1-T4 spinal nerves form the superior cervical ganglion, fibres course around the head and neck like the carotid artery
go to different salivary glands

Question 10

what is the goal of parasympathetic innervation for salivation

Answer 10

watery saliva with lots of electrolytes

Question 11

what is the goal of sympathetic innervation for salivation

Answer 11

protein rich, viscous saliva

Question 12

basic structure of salivary glands

Answer 12

acinus surrounded by acinar cells, move into ducts surrounded by ductal cells

Question 13

what produces acetylcholine

Answer 13

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

what produces noradrenaline

Answer 14

sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

what are the primary ions in saliva

Answer 15

sodium ions
potassium ions
chloride ions
bicarbonate
calcium
phosphate
water

Question 16

how does water enter the acinus

Answer 16

• aquaporin 5 allows water to go from acinar cell to acinus
• water can move between the cells via paracellular transport
• can enter acinar cell via aquaporin 3 and then go to acinus via aquaporin 5

Question 17

how does sodium enter the acinus

Answer 17

• paracellular transport
• NaKCl2 pump

Question 18

how does potassium enter the acinus

Answer 18

• NaK pump on basolateral membrane
• NaKCL2 pump
  this gets K into the acinar cells
  from there, apical membrane takes potassium ions out of the acinus in exchange for a proton

Question 19

how does chloride enter the acinus

Answer 19

NaKCL2 cotransporters pump in two chloride ions
CFTR allow chloride ions to leak into the acinus

Question 20

how does bicarbonate enter the acinus

Answer 20

cells produce carbon dioxide, which combines with water in the cells in the presence of carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid, which breaks down into protons and bicarbonate
bicarbonate is then excreted into the acinus
some chloride ions go into the cell and maintain electrical activity

Question 21

describe the tonicity of primary secretions

Answer 21

sodium and chloride being pulled into the acinus is the same as the volume of water, so the primary secretion is isotonic

Question 22

what are the final ion amounts after ductal modification

Answer 22

• low sodium and chloride
• high potassium, water, bicarbonate

Question 23

what is the tonicity of modified saliva

Answer 23

hypotonic

Question 24

what does hypotonic mean

Answer 24

the concentration of solute is less than the water

Question 25

how is sodium levels decreased in ductal modification

Answer 25

sodium molecules are taken into the ductal cells from the primary secretion
proton is pumped out in exchange

Question 26

how are chloride levels decreased in ductal modification

Answer 26

chloride pulled into ductal cells in exchange for bicarbonate

Question 27

describe the action of acetylcholine on the acinar cells

Answer 27

binds to M3 muscarinic receptors
leads to increased secretion of water, sodium, chlorine, potassium etc to increase the volume of watery, electrolyte rich saliva

Question 28

describe the action of noradrenaline on the acinar cells

Answer 28

binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors to release granules with protein and enzymes - mucin and amylase
increased secretion of viscous saliva
constricts the vessels to decrease flow and decrease electrolyte and water secretion

Question 29

what are some protective molecules in the saliva

Answer 29

IgA
cystatins
histatins
lysozyme
proline rich proteins

Question 30

function of histatins

Answer 30

kill bacteria and fungi

Question 31

function of lysozyme

Answer 31

break down bacterial cell walls and digest food

Question 32

function of proline rich proteins

Answer 32

remineralise the teeth

Question 33

functions of saliva

Answer 33

• oral hygiene
• antimicrobial
• chemical digestion
• hydrate oral cavity and food
• increase the taste of food
• decrease caries

Question 34

how does saliva increase taste of food

Answer 34

lubrication of food allows for better absorption into the taste buds