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Oral Biology > Salivation > Flashcards

Salivation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the other name for the parotid duct

A

stensons duct

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2
Q

where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity

A

lingual frenulum

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3
Q

what is the name for the submandibular duct

A

whartons duct

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4
Q

where is the sublingual gland

A

base of the tongue

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5
Q

where does the sublingual gland open into the oral cavity

A

floor of the oral cavity, through 10-20 ducts

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6
Q

describe the innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands

A

facial nerve, found in the superior salivatory nucleus
via the chordae tympani in the middle ear cavity
parasympathetic innervation

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7
Q

describe the components of the chordae tympani

A

facial nerve
taste fibres
salivatory fibres

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8
Q

describe the innervation of the parotid gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve in the inferior salivatory nucleus, goes through jugular foramen through middle ear cavity then through the foramen ovale to provide parasympathetic fibres

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9
Q

describe the sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands

A

T1-T4 spinal nerves form the superior cervical ganglion, fibres course around the head and neck like the carotid artery
go to different salivary glands

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10
Q

what is the goal of parasympathetic innervation for salivation

A

watery saliva with lots of electrolytes

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11
Q

what is the goal of sympathetic innervation for salivation

A

protein rich, viscous saliva

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12
Q

basic structure of salivary glands

A

acinus surrounded by acinar cells, move into ducts surrounded by ductal cells

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13
Q

what produces acetylcholine

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

what produces noradrenaline

A

sympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

what are the primary ions in saliva

A

sodium ions
potassium ions
chloride ions
bicarbonate
calcium
phosphate
water

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16
Q

how does water enter the acinus

A
  • aquaporin 5 allows water to go from acinar cell to acinus
  • water can move between the cells via paracellular transport
  • can enter acinar cell via aquaporin 3 and then go to acinus via aquaporin 5
17
Q

how does sodium enter the acinus

A
  • paracellular transport
  • NaKCl2 pump
18
Q

how does potassium enter the acinus

A
  • NaK pump on basolateral membrane
  • NaKCL2 pump
    this gets K into the acinar cells
    from there, apical membrane takes potassium ions out of the acinus in exchange for a proton
19
Q

how does chloride enter the acinus

A

NaKCL2 cotransporters pump in two chloride ions
CFTR allow chloride ions to leak into the acinus

20
Q

how does bicarbonate enter the acinus

A

cells produce carbon dioxide, which combines with water in the cells in the presence of carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid, which breaks down into protons and bicarbonate
bicarbonate is then excreted into the acinus
some chloride ions go into the cell and maintain electrical activity

21
Q

describe the tonicity of primary secretions

A

sodium and chloride being pulled into the acinus is the same as the volume of water, so the primary secretion is isotonic

22
Q

what are the final ion amounts after ductal modification

A
  • low sodium and chloride
  • high potassium, water, bicarbonate
23
Q

what is the tonicity of modified saliva

A

hypotonic

24
Q

what does hypotonic mean

A

the concentration of solute is less than the water

25
Q

how is sodium levels decreased in ductal modification

A

sodium molecules are taken into the ductal cells from the primary secretion
proton is pumped out in exchange

26
Q

how are chloride levels decreased in ductal modification

A

chloride pulled into ductal cells in exchange for bicarbonate

27
Q

describe the action of acetylcholine on the acinar cells

A

binds to M3 muscarinic receptors
leads to increased secretion of water, sodium, chlorine, potassium etc to increase the volume of watery, electrolyte rich saliva

28
Q

describe the action of noradrenaline on the acinar cells

A

binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors to release granules with protein and enzymes - mucin and amylase
increased secretion of viscous saliva
constricts the vessels to decrease flow and decrease electrolyte and water secretion

29
Q

what are some protective molecules in the saliva

A

IgA
cystatins
histatins
lysozyme
proline rich proteins

30
Q

function of histatins

A

kill bacteria and fungi

31
Q

function of lysozyme

A

break down bacterial cell walls and digest food

32
Q

function of proline rich proteins

A

remineralise the teeth

33
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • oral hygiene
  • antimicrobial
  • chemical digestion
  • hydrate oral cavity and food
  • increase the taste of food
  • decrease caries
34
Q

how does saliva increase taste of food

A

lubrication of food allows for better absorption into the taste buds

Oral Biology (23 decks)

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