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Oral Biology > Salivary Flow > Flashcards

Salivary Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

which innervations stimulate salivation

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

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2
Q

what is the first stage of saliva secretion

A
  • production of primary saliva into the lumen of the ducts
  • as it passes through the ducts it is modified as the ions are recovered
  • secretion of bicarbonate in the striated duct to enter the saliva, depending on the acetylcholine and driving force onto the lumen
  • sodium chloride in the lumen increases osmotic pressure for water to enter the lumen, and production of bicarbonate by the change in sodium potassium channels.
  • carbonate enters the lumen as well
  • increase in sodium chloride as there is an increase in carbonate production
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3
Q

what is the second stage of saliva secretion

A
  • reabsorption of sodium and chloride
  • secondary modification occuring on the striated duct where the sodium channel is recovered which is essential for maintenance but not for the saliva fluid itself
  • primary saliva is modified as it passes through the striated ducts, and final saliva is hypotonic due to reabsorption of chloride and sodium.
  • some proteins can be secreted by the duct as well
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4
Q

average volume of saliva

A

1.2ml dispersed over an area of around 200cm squared

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5
Q

why is there large variance in the area saliva is dispersed over

A

because each individual’s mouth is a different size

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6
Q

what is the range of volume of saliva in the mouth at rest

A

between 0.5 to 2.2ml

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7
Q

how thick is the saliva film coating the mouth

A

50-100 micrometers

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8
Q

what are biofilms

A

films coating a space

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9
Q

where is the film velocity in the mouth highest

A

the lower lingual region

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10
Q

where is film velocity slowest in the mouth

A

labial and buccal region

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11
Q

where is there cariogenic sulcus

A

when there is less flow there is higher acid content, and increase in flow as we go to the back of the mouth

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12
Q

what is clearance

A

the rate that a substance is removed from the mouth

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13
Q

what does clearance mean in pharmacology

A

when a drug is injected it must be removed, and this is classified as clearance

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14
Q

what is clearance in relation to the mouth

A

salivary secretion and the location of elements in the mouth. some elements move further in some regions than other

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15
Q

is clearance a good thing

A

not always

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16
Q

what is the average volume of fluoride in normal toothpase

A

1500ppm

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17
Q

what is the average volume of fluoride in childrens toothpaste

A

1000ppm

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18
Q

when is clearance a bad thing

A

when it tries to remove fluoride from the mouth after brushing, as fluoride needs to stay in the mouth to form fluorapatite

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19
Q

what is the Stephan curve

A

a graph produced by looking into the acid produced by microorganisms onto plaque which gives a pH graph to show how much the pH has dropped over a period of time.

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20
Q

at what pH in the mouth does demineralisation start to occur

A

below 5.5

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21
Q

what can decrease the period of demineralisation following a meal

A

chewing gum

22
Q

why goes gum stimulation reduce demineralisation

A

it increases bicarbonate containing saliva being secreted into the mouth

23
Q

does rinsing with water after eating reduce the pH

A

not that much - it is the buffering component of saliva that can sequester the hydrogen away to prevent formation of acid

24
Q

after how many minutes of gum chewing does salivary flow rate go back to normal

A

15 minutes

25
Q

how long does it take for constant stimulation of the salivary gland to go extinct

A

15 minutes

26
Q

once the constant extra secretion from the salivary glands following gum chewing reduces, does demineralisation pick back up. explain your answer

A

no because the concentration of bicarbonate due to secretion of saliva because of the modifications will be maintained. gum chewing does not remove plaque but it does increase salivary flow rate to increase pH and reduce remineralisation

27
Q

can sweeteners be metabolised by bacteria

A

no

28
Q

which type of sweeteners are cariogenic

A

bulk sweeteners

29
Q

which sweetener is the most associated with caries

A

sucrose

30
Q

why are sucrose and fructose the most common sweetenders

A

cheap to produce and provide the same taste as normal sugar, and they thicken the content.

31
Q

which sweetener is associated with cancer development and why

A

fructose - it feeds cancer cells by promoting their growth and proliferation

32
Q

can bacteria metabolise alcohol

A

no

33
Q

which sweetener is often found in chewing gum and why

A

xylitol - can reduce the number of cariogenic bacteria in the mouth as it has an antibacterial component

34
Q

which sweetener is not used in baked products

A

aspartamane

35
Q

when is dry mouth classified as xerostomia

A

when flow rates drop below 50% of the normal rate

36
Q

at what point does reduction in salivary flow actually have an effect

A

when there is loss of function in the mouth

37
Q

what is the greatest element leading to xerostomia in patients

A

drugs and treatment

38
Q

what sort of things can impact salivary flow

A

radiotherapy which can affect salivary glands
over 400 drugs can
sjogrens, cystic fibrosis - impact
dehydration

39
Q

how do drugs impact the salivary flow

A

some can have an impact on the autonomous nervous system which can affect control of the glands

40
Q

how can you identify if a patient is having issues

A

look at their medical history

41
Q

what do you do as a dentist if you notice a patient is taking a medication that is causing them dry mouth

A

do not tell the patient to stop taking it, but discuss with their GP about arranging an alternative which could reduce the salivary flow

42
Q

what happens to salivary glands in radiotherapy

A

the glands and epithelia are damaged - this becomes more physically relevant when the lack of saliva can lead to caries due to increased demineralisation

43
Q

what disorders can lead to low salivary flow

A
  • infections of the salivary glands
  • tumours of the salivary glands
  • osteonradionecrosis
  • sjogrens
44
Q

what is osteonradionecrosis

A

death of bone tissues and delayed healing that occurs after radiotherapy treatment for cancer patients

45
Q

where can caries occur in sjogrens disease patients

A

in unexpected regions like smooth surface caries due to the reduced flow

46
Q

what are the consequences of reduced salivary flow

A
  • increased caries
  • increased periodontal disease
  • dysaesthesia
  • impaired oral function
  • difficulties with perception of taste
47
Q

what is dysaesthesia

A

burning mouth

48
Q

which epithelia lines interlobar ducts

A

stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

which epithelia lines interlobular ducts

A

pseuodstratified columnar epithelium

50
Q

which epithalia lines striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

Oral Biology (27 decks)

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