Periodontal Disease Flashcards
what is periodontology
the study of the periodontal tissues in health and disease, including the causes, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the periodontal tissues
what are the periodontal tissues
gingivae
periodontal ligament
root cementum
alveolar bone
what can the alveolar bone be divided into
the alveolar bone proper and alveolar bone recess
what is the alveolar bone proper
the thin plate of bone immediately adjacent to the periodontal ligament
what does the alveolar bone proper develop from
ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle
what develops from the dental follicle
alveolar bone proper
periodontal ligament
root cementum
what is periodontal health
the outcome of the balance between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host immune system
what is periodontal disease
a group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction that is both innate and adaptive to adjacent microbial plaque
does gingivitis always progress to periodontitis
no
what is inflammation
biological responses to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritiants.
protective attempt made by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation
pain
heat
swelling
redness
loss of function
what is dolor
pain
what is calor
heat
what is rubor
redness
what is tumor
swelling
what is functio laesa
loss of function
what causes the cardinal signs of inflammation
dilation of blood vessels
increased permeability of vessel walls
inflammatory exudate
emigration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the connective tissue
what is periodontal disease
multifactorial condition with complex etiopathogenesis
what are some general health factors that can lead to periodontal disease
stress
fatigue
smoking
diet
medications
hygienic habits
what are the acquired local risk factors for periodontal disease
plaque
calculus
overhanging and poor contoured restorations
what are anatomical local risk factors for periodontal disease
malpositioned teeth
root grooves
concavities
furcations
enamel pearls
what are the non modifiable systematic risk factors for periodontal disease
aging
genetic factors
what are the modifible systemic risk factors for periodontal disease
smoking
poorly controlled diabetes
stress
medications
hormonal changes
poor nutrition
socioeconomic status
what is the non specific plaque theory
accumulation of dental plaque is responsible for periodontal disease
what is the specific plaque theory
few species of oral microflora are actively involved in the disease
what is the ecological plaque theory
changes in environment like pH can lead to favourable growth of certain bacteria
what is the polymicrobial dysbiosis keystone pathogen hypothesis
certain low abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodelling the microbiota
what factors of bacteria are important for defining periodontal disease
number of bacteria
virulence of bacteria
formation of the biofilm
what is a biofilm
an aggregation of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface
these adherent cells are embedded within a self produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance
where can biofilms form
living and non living surfaces
can also form in water and sewage pipes
what is an example of a biofilm
dental plaque
describe dental plaque
can be both subgingival and supragingival
microbial species interact with each other, and some of the not overtly pathogenic bacteria aid and assist the pathogenic bacteria
polymicrobial, rather than monomicrobial infection
describe the stages of biofilm formation
pellicle
association
adhesion
growth
what is the pellicle
this is the proteins and glycoproteins of the saliva that take a few minutes to form after brushing teeth
describe association and adhesion
trailblazing bacteria like s, aureus possess adhesion molecules and adhere to the pellicle
describe grwoth
micocolonises form and produce polysaccharide matrix
what does the mature biofilm transition into
metabolic complexes
how can low abundance microbial pathoegens cause inflammatory disease
by increasing the quantity of the normal microbiota and by changing its composition to interfere with the host immune system
what is the keystone pathogen hypothesis
porphyromonas gingivalis is shown to be able to manipulate the innate and adaptive immune system of the host
facilitates its own survival and multiplication as well as the entire microbial community
can trigger inflammation in low numbers
what is required to cause disease
bacteria
immune system
what can disrupt homeostasis
genetic conditions associated with the impairment of the immune system
diseases leading to impairment of the immune system
what are the signs of gingivitis
erythema
swelling
bleeding on gentle probing
what are the symptoms of periodontal disease experienced by patients
bleeding on brushing
bad breath and taste
sensitivity
drifting teeth
mobility
discomfort and pain is rare
what is halitosis
bad breath
what are the signs of periodontitis in clincial examination
bleeding on gentle probing
erythema
halitosis
swelling
bone loss
recession
mobility
purulence
what constitutes a true pocket formation
loss of attachment
what causes a false pocket to appear
swelling
what is this
a false pocket
what is this
a true pocket
