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Oral Biology > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the daily salivary flow

A

between 500 and 700 ml

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2
Q

what is meant by the equality of saliva

A

proportion of serous and mucous

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3
Q

when is mucous secretion greater

A

during sleep

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4
Q

what can reduce salivary secretion

A

dehydration

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5
Q

why is it important to consider the entire oral environment when establishing the volume of saliva that is secreted

A

because certian factors have an impact on this secretion such as if the patient is dehydrated

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6
Q

why is state of hydration different in a clinical setting

A

air conditioning

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7
Q

what is an example of previous stimulation of saliva

A

chewing gum

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8
Q

what can radiotherapy do to saliva secretion

A

lead to patients having low secretion of saliva

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9
Q

how can saliva secretion be used clinically

A

to protect patients against certain effects like radiotherapy

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10
Q

how can circadium rhythms have an impact on saliva secretion

A

saliva secretion can be different depending on the time of day and time of year

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11
Q

what is the most important element to consider when looking at saliva secretion

A

medication

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12
Q

how many different medical treatments can have an effect on salivation

A

400

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13
Q

which medicines are likely to have an impact on salivation

A

those associated with control of blood pressure

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14
Q

are salivary gland diseases uncommon

A

no

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15
Q

what is the composition of saliva

A

99.5% water, ions, 0.3% proteins

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16
Q

what are the ions present in saliva

A

sodium
chloride
potassium
bicarbonate

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17
Q

why is bicarbonate an important element for saliva

A

it is the major buffering system, especially when there is stimulated salivation

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18
Q

what is present in saliva that aids in buffering

A

bicarbonate
phosphate
proteins

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19
Q

what is the function of protiens in saliva

A

buffer

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20
Q

what is the pKa of phosphate close to

A

neutral pH

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21
Q

what happens to saliva secretion during sleep

A

it decreases

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22
Q

how many pKas does histidine have

A

three

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23
Q

when are proteins important for controlling secretion

A

when the pH of plaque is very low

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24
Q

why are calcium and phosphate important elements for the saliva to have

A

they form hydroxyapatite for remineralisation

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25
Q

what is calculus

A

mineralised plaque

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26
Q

what is required to form calculus

A

calcium phosphate

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27
Q

what are examples of activities of enzymes

A

antibaterial
antifungal
antiviral

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28
Q

what are immunoglobins

A

antibodies

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29
Q

which immunoglobins are present in saliva

A

IgG and IgA

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30
Q

what is the function of mucin

A

wet the food

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31
Q

what is the function of fluoride

A

form fluorapatite as well as antibacterial functions by controlling acidogenic bacteria by producing acid inside the cell

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32
Q

what does fluoride do to bacteria

A

makes them less prone to acid

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33
Q

how can thiocyanite be described as

A

antibacterial

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34
Q

what is the main function of bicarbonate and phosphate

A

buffering

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35
Q

what are buffers in saliva when it is at high flow

A

bicarbonate

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36
Q

what are the buffers in saliva when it is at rest flow

A

phosphates

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37
Q

what are the main buffers in saliva when it is at low pH

A

proteins

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38
Q

what is the role of bacterial ammonia

A

buffering plaque acid

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39
Q

what is the second messenger of acetylcholine

A

calcium

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40
Q

what opens to channels to allow calcium to enter

A

major force from the acetylcholine

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41
Q

what is saliva secretion driven by

A

calcium release

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42
Q

what activates amylase in the saliva

A

chloride

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43
Q

what does amylase hydrolyse

A

1-4 starch glycosidic links

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44
Q

what is amylase important for

A

digestion

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45
Q

in which secretions are amylase mostly found

A

mucosal gland secretions

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46
Q

what is another name for lysozyme

A

muramidase

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47
Q

what is lysozyme

A

a non specific defence protein that is present in many secretions like saliva, tears, vaginal mucous. has a defence role. causes lysis of bacterial cells

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48
Q

what is another name for lactoperoxidase

A

sialoperoxidase

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49
Q

where is lactoperoxidase found

A

saliva and milk

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50
Q

what does sialoperoxidase get secreted from

A

both salivary glands and bacteria

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51
Q

what is the function of lactoperoxidase

A

antimicrobial due to its presence of oxygen

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52
Q

what is the function of cystatins

A

antimicrobial function

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53
Q

what is the full name for the protein gustin

A

carbonic anhydrase six

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54
Q

what does gustin contain that is important to note

A

zinc

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55
Q

how does gustin function in taste

A

by activating taste buds

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56
Q

what is PDE5

A

an element that is acted upon when people take drugs like viagra leading to affected taste

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57
Q

how can the effect of gustin be changed

A

with the use of an erectile dysfunction drug

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58
Q

what is the function of histatins

A

inhibiting calcium phosphate precipitation which affects remineralisation
antimicrobial

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59
Q

what does immunoglobin come from

A

plasma cells

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60
Q

what is the immunoglobin that can be secreted by salivary glands

A

IgA

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61
Q

what is the function of the immunoglobins in the saliva

A

confer specific immunity against bacteria to be the basis of vaccinated against s mutans

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62
Q

can IgA be recruited upon easily

A

yes

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63
Q

which immunoglobin loses its ability to produce antibodies quickly

A

IgA

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64
Q

what is lactoferrin

A

iron binding protein (binds ferric ion)

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65
Q

why does lactoferrin have an antibacterial effect

A

because it binds ferric ion which some bacteria need to live

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66
Q

where are the microrganisms that need iron to live found in the mouth

A

the crevicular fluid

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67
Q

what secretes lipase

A

von ebner glands

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68
Q

where are the von ebner glands in the mouth

A

on the tongue

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69
Q

why is lipase in the mouth called lingual lipase

A

because it is produces by glands found on the tongue

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70
Q

what does lipase do

A

hydrolyse the triglycerides to assist the digestion of milk

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71
Q

what are mucins

A

glucoprotiens

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72
Q

what are glucoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate side chains

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73
Q

what do mucins do

A

they bind to the tooth and epithelial surfaces as well as having a protective role by cushioning the tissues

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74
Q

what is the primary pellicle

A

coating of saliva caused after teeth are brushed and contains mucins

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75
Q

what happens to mucins as they attach to the primary pellicle of the tooth

A

they become mucous

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76
Q

what are the bacteria that establish plaque

A

the bacteria that attach to the pellicle coated by mucin

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77
Q

why is there no cariogenic bacteria present if there are no teeth

A

no pellicle for them to adhere to

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78
Q

which bacteria can be an issue even if there are not teeth

A

candida alibicans colonises acrylic but not teeth

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79
Q

why do we swallow mucin full of bacteria

A

the bacteria are attracted to mucin, which promotes aggregation of bacteria to allow us to get rid of the microorganisms as we swallow

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80
Q

what inhibits calcium phosphate crystals

A

proline rich proteins

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81
Q

what is the anticalculus effect

A

the inhibition of the calcium phosphate crystals by the proline rich proteins

82
Q

what is the function of proline rich proteins

A

anticalculus
bind to hydroxyapatite to act as a barrier and allow hydroxapatite to resist acid attack and remineralise

83
Q

which protein regulates bacteria attachment

A

proline rich proteins

84
Q

what are statherins

A

proteins that allow super saturation of calcium and phosphate to have an anticalculus effect

85
Q

how does the titre of IgG in saliva compare to blood

A

lower in saliva

86
Q

what are examples of plasma derived substances found in the saliva

A

albumins
IgG
hormones
drugs
immunoglobins

87
Q

why can drugs be detected in the saliva

A

due to spillover from the blood plasma

88
Q

what are two controls of saliva secretion

A

conditioned and unconditioned

89
Q

describe unconditioned stimuli of saliva secretion

A

this can be mechanical and chemical. mechanical is associated with the pressure of biting forces of the periodontal ligament and oral mucosa, as well as when chewing - the side we are chewing on produces saliva. chemical is associated with gustation and olfaction

90
Q

how does gustation lead to salivation

A

through receptors on our taste buds on the palate epiglottis and tongue dorsum

91
Q

what is umami

A

the receptor in our taste buds that recognises glutamin

92
Q

what is umami similar to

A

salt

93
Q

how does olfaction lead to saliva secretion

A

chemical taste from the epithelium in the nasal cavity can lead to weak salivary stimulus in humans

94
Q

how is olfaction protective

A

tells us if food has gone bad

95
Q

explain conditioned stimuli of saliva secretion

A

psychic stimuli like when thinking about food and innervation

96
Q

which innervation can increase saliva flow

A

post sympathetic and parasympathetic

97
Q

what are the main salivary proteins

A
  • amylase
  • cystain
  • gustin
  • histatin
  • immunoglobins
  • lactoferrin
  • lactoperoxidase
  • lipase
  • lysozyme
  • mucoproteins
  • plasma proteins
  • proline rich proteins
  • statherins
98
Q

what does amylase require to function

A

calcium ions

99
Q

in which secretions can lysozyme be found

A

saliva
tears
vaginal mucous

100
Q

how does lysozyme cause cell lysis

A

by attacking bonds in bacterial cell walls

101
Q

what do cystatins inhibit

A

cysteine proteases

102
Q

what does gustin activate other than taste buds

A

PDE 5

103
Q

what are histatins

A

histidine rich proteins

104
Q

which bacteria can histatins inhibit

A

candida albians
streptococcus mutans

105
Q

how do immunoglobins enter the saliva

A

via plasma cells in the salivary glands

106
Q

what forms the basis of vaccination against streptococcus mutans

A

immunoglobins

107
Q

what do lipases hydrolyse

A

triglycerides

108
Q

what are the three main functions of mucins

A

protection
lubrication
component of the primary pellicle

109
Q

why do mucins promote bacterial aggregation

A

to make easier clearance of bacteria from the mouth

110
Q

what are mucins molecular wise

A

macromolecules

111
Q

what functions do proline rich proteins perform by binding onto the hydroxyapatite

A
  • act as a diffusion barrier
  • decrease mineral loss
  • resist acid attack
  • allow remineralisation
112
Q

what is saliva super saturated with

A

calcium and phosphate

113
Q

what are examples of proteins found in the saliva from plasma

A

albumins

114
Q

what are the different potencies of gustation, in descending order

A

acid
umami and salt
sweet
bitter

115
Q

what contributes to the taste of spices

A

common chemical sense

116
Q

what mediates common chemical sense

A

nociceptors in mucous membranes

117
Q

how do parasympathetic nerves affect salivation

A

increase both secretion and bloodflow

118
Q

how do sympathetic nerves affect salivation

A

increase secretion but decrease blood flow to salivary glands

119
Q

what is the main constituent of the slime layer covering mucous epithelia around the body

A

mucins

120
Q

what are secretory mucins composed of

A

disulphide linked monomers that contain heavily glycosylated domains interspersed with less glycosylated peptide domains

121
Q

what are pellicles

A

protein films covering the enamel and epithelial surfaces

122
Q

what supplies salivary glands nervously

A

cholinergic parasympathetic nerve

123
Q

what evokes the secretion of saliva by acinar cells

A

binding of acetylcholine that binds to M3 and M1 muscarinic receptors

124
Q

what tends to evoke greater release of stored proteins from acinar and ductal cells

A

variable innervation from sympathetic nerves which release noradrenaline

125
Q

what is responsible for the continuous protection of the tooth surface

A

salivary mucins and proline rich glycoprotein

126
Q

what are the early pellicle protins

A

proline rich proteins and statherin

127
Q

how do early pellicle proteins promote remineralisation

A

by attracting calcium ions

128
Q

what are the well known major salivary glycoproteins

A

mucins
proline rich glycoprotein
immunoglobins

129
Q

what are the minor salivary glycoproteins

A

agglutinin
lactoferrin
cystatins
lysozyme

130
Q

how can histatin be described

A

as a cationic antimicrobial peptide

131
Q

what causes caries

A

streptococcs mutans

132
Q

what produces the immunoglobins in the salivary glands

A

b lymphocytes in the interstitial fluid to be taken up by the acinar cells and ductal cells of the salivary glands

133
Q

where is proline rich glycoprotein produced

A

in the parotid gland

134
Q

what produces cystatins

A

submandibular and sublingual gland

135
Q

which gland produces the most agglutinin

A

parotid

136
Q

in which glands is lactoferrin produced

A

the mucous more so than the serous

137
Q

what produces defensins

A

salivary glands
epithelial cells
neutrophils

138
Q

what do salivary immunoglobins belong to

A

the IgA suubclass to make up about 5-15% of total salivary proteins

139
Q

where does IgA mainly derive from

A

the crevicular fluid leaked into the oral cavity

140
Q

how do immunoglobins defend the mouth

A

provides a broad system of defence because the entire population of salivary immunoglobins bind the majority of microorganisms present in the saliva.

141
Q

main property of agglutinin

A

aggregation of bacteria

142
Q

main property of LL37

A

broad spectrium killing of bacteria

143
Q

what is LL37

A

cathelicidin

144
Q

main property of cystatins

A

protease inhibition

145
Q

main property of defensins

A

broad spectrum killing of bacteria

146
Q

main property of histatins

A

broad spectrum killing of bacteria

147
Q

main function of immunoglobin

A

inactivation and aggregation of bacteria

148
Q

main function of lactoferrin

A

growth inhibition

149
Q

main function of lactoperoxidase

A

growth inhibition

150
Q

main function of lysozyme

A

killing

151
Q

main function of mucin MG1

A

proton diffusion barrier in the pellicle

152
Q

main function of Mucin MG2

A

aggregation

153
Q

main function of proline rich glycoprotein

A

aggregation

154
Q

main function of proline rich proteins

A

adherence

155
Q

main function of statherins

A

adherence

156
Q

which salivary proteins function in aggregation of bacteria

A

agglutinin
mucin mg2
proline rich glycoprotein
immunoglobin

157
Q

which salivary proteins function in killing bacteria

A

LL37
defensins
histatins
lysozyme

158
Q

which salivary proteins function in growth inhibition

A

lactoferrin
lactoperoxidase

159
Q

which salivary proteins function in adherence

A

proline rich proteins and statherin

160
Q

why do mucins cover the dental surfaces

A

to lubricate and protect from mechanical wear

161
Q

how do lysozymes kill bacteria

A

by hydrolysing the cell wall polysaccharides to make bacteria more vulnerable to lysis

162
Q

is lactoferrin an enzyme

A

no

163
Q

what are the antimicrobial peptides of saliva

A

histatins
defensins
LL37

164
Q

which glands secrete histains

A

parotid and submandibular

165
Q

what is supragingival calculus

A

calculus above the gumline

166
Q

what is subgingival calculus

A

below the gumline

167
Q

how is the pellicle formed

A

salivary proteins selectively adsorb onto the tooth surface to form an acquired pellicle

168
Q

what is essential for microbial adherence

A

fimbriae
flagella

169
Q

what enables some microorgansisms which are incapable of adhering to adhere to the pellicle coated tooth surface

A

microbial coaggregation and coadhesion

170
Q

what is the driving foce for plaque mineralisation

A

supersaturation of saliva and plaque fluid with calcium and phosphate

171
Q

what can happen once organisms attach to the tooth surface

A

new genes could be expressed so that mature dental plaque can form and biofilm bacteria can assume increased resistance to antimicrobial agents

172
Q

what can influence the saturation degree of calcium phosphates

A

salivary flow rate and plaque pH

173
Q

which molecules have a key role to play in microbial mineralisation

A

acid phospholipids and specific proteolipids present in cell membranes

174
Q

where is the greatest amount of supragingival calculus found

A

on the mandibular anterior lingual surfaces and the buccal surfaces of anterior maxillary first molars

175
Q

how is supragingival calculus formed

A

when plaque absorbs calcium and phosphate from the saliva

176
Q

how is subgingival calculus formed

A

absorbed of calcium and phosphate from the crevicular fluid into the plaque

177
Q

what is present within the enamel pellicle that prevent adherence of oral microorganisms and inhibit their growth

A

glycoproteins

178
Q

what is required for the initial mineralisation of plaque and bacteria

A

calcium phosphate supersaturation
membrane associated components
degradation of nucleation inhibitors

179
Q

what does calculus formation begin with

A

deposition of kinetically favoured precursor phases of calcium phosphate

180
Q

which two salivary ions are the raw materials for dental calculus formaiton

A

calcium and phosphate

181
Q

what are the two epithelial cell types that compose mammalian salivary glands

A

acinar cells and ductal cells

182
Q

what do the acinar cells do

A

secrete the salivary fluid as well as most of the salivary proteins

183
Q

what do the ductal cells do

A

secrete some proteins and modify the ionic composition of the saliva as they convey it to the mouth

184
Q

describe how fluid secretion arises in salivary glands

A
  • sodium potassium pump maintains intracellular sodium concentration as low and potassium as high.
  • NaKCl cotransporter is a secondary active transport system that transports one sodium, one potassium and two chloride ions into the cell in a tightly coupled fashion.
  • in the unstimulated state, intracellular calcium is low and the calcium activated potassium and chlorine cells are closed. when the cell is stimulated by acetylcholine, the intracellular calcium ion concentration rises and these potassium and chlorine channels open.
  • this allows potassium chloride to flow out of the cell resulting in an accumulation of chlorine ions and their associated negative electric charge in the acinar lumen.
  • sodium then follows chlorine by leaking through tight junctions between cells to preserve electroneutrality
  • the resulting osmotic gradient for sodium chloride causes transepithelial movement of water from interstitial space to the lumen.
185
Q

what is saliva initially formed as

A

a near isotonic plasma like primary secretion in the acinar lumen

186
Q

describe the changes saliva goes through during secretion

A
  • first formed as a near isotonic plasma like secretion
  • salivary ducts modify this primary fluid by removing sodium and chloride and adding potassium and bicarbonate
  • final hypotonic solution is what enters the mouth
187
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the process by which cells release the contents of their secretory granules, which involves the fusion of the granule membrane with the luminal plasma membrane of the secretory cell following by rupture of the fused membranes.

188
Q

what controls the exocytic secretion in the major salivary glands

A

autonomic nervous system - sympathetic stimulation elicits protein release from the parotid and submandibular gland acini, and parasympathetic stimulation elicits protien release from the sublingual gland acini as well as some release from the parotid acini

189
Q

when is salivary protein secretion evoked

A

when neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the basolateral membrane of the secretory cells and generate intracellular second messengers that in turn activate the cellular mechanisms responsible for secretion

190
Q

where are the acinar cells found in salivary galnds

A

in the end pieces of the salivary gland ductal tree

191
Q

which innervation evokes greater release of stored proteins from acinar and ductal cells

A

sympathetic nerves releasing noradrenaline

192
Q

what does the secretory endpiece of salivary glands consist of

A

aciner secretory units made up of acinar cells which are responsible for synthesising and secreting most of the functionally important protein components of saliva

193
Q

is salivary gland secretion a reflex

A

yes

194
Q

what do the major salivary glands develop from

A

the ectoderm

195
Q

what do the minor salivary glands develop from

A

the mesoderm

196
Q

what happens in genetic syndrome salivary gland agenesis

A

absence of ectodermal derived structures like sweat glands and the major salivary glands

197
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of decreased salivation

A

oral pain
increased dental caries
infections by opportunist microorganisms like candida albicans

198
Q

what is salivary gland dysfunction observed as

A

a consequence of iatrogenic treatments like medications or radiation therapy for head and neck cancers
can also be observed in diseases like cystic fibrosis

199
Q

what is sjogrens disease

A

an autoimmune disease in which salivary glands are destroyed by lymphocytic infiltration

200
Q

which salivary proteins control calcium phosphate homeostasis

A

statherin and proline rich protein

Oral Biology (27 decks)

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