The most important metabolic troubles of sheep and goats

Question 1

SHEEP (10)

Answer 1

1. Rumen flatulence
2. Vit E/Se def
3. White liver disease
4. Thiamine def
5. Enterotoxemy
6. Acute lactic acid toxicity
7. Urolothiasis
8. Urea toxicosis
9. Pregnancy toxicosis
10. Milk fever

Question 2

Rumen flatulence

Answer 2

When they eat protein rich legumes that they’re not used to! e.g green alfalfa

Treat with paraffin oil

Question 3

Vit E/ Se def

Answer 3

When the pregnant ewes diet is insufficient- the lambs born have white muscle diseases

Clinical signs: the lambs are thin, have irregular pulse and ECG, waxy heart and skeletal muscle dystrophy will be the cause of death

Treatment= supplementation for ewes and day old lambs: Na-Selenite PO or SC, vitamin E

Question 4

White liver disease of lambs, talk about the acute form

Answer 4

Cobalt def induces a B12 def

Usually in springtime: morbidity 40% and mortality 15%

Acute: 7-10 days secondary photosensitivity causes inflamm of the eyelids and lips

Question 5

White liver disease chronic form (8)

Answer 5

Liver metab of proprionate is disturbed- acc of proprionate

Mycotoxin prod (maybe)

Anaemia/ weight loss

Lesions on ears

Plasma decr alb, Co, B12

Increase liver enzymes: AAT, GGT, SDH

Degen fatty liver, hepatocyte necrosis

Hemosiderosis of spleen

Question 6

Thiamine def in growing animals, symptoms and differentials

Answer 6

CCN, PEM and opisthotonus syndrome in the background

Usually at 3-4 mnths of age

First 2-5 days, excitement, stargazing while laying down, if no treatment then death in comatus status

There are similar symptoms with listeriosis, ataxia caused by Cu def and scarpie!

Question 7

Causes and treatment of thiamine deficiency

Answer 7

High concentrates with low transmission time- why preliminary feeding is NB

Winter hay containing thiamine antimetab decr thiamine synth bact in the rumen

Treatment: Thiamine initial dose 0.5-2g per animal per day then until recovery 0.1-0.5g per animal

Question 8

Enterotoxemy of Fattening Lambs/ Overeating disease/ Pulpy kidney disease

Answer 8

Occurrence: Suckling, milk replacement feeders, fattening (high conc), pregnant and lactating

Results: Sudden death caused by D type toxin of Cl perfringens. The starch/sugar rich diet (conc, milk, fresh grass) causes Cl perfringens to prolif

Prevention: vaccine containing toxoid

Pregnant ewes give passive immunity to lambs for 4-6 wks then give antiserum to the lambs

Question 9

Acute lactic acid toxicity: causes, results and symptoms

Answer 9

Caused by high conc diets with no prelimary feeding

Results: incr lactic acid conc up to 2% (normal is 50mg%)

decr pH of rumen to 4-4.2

Protozoa die

Incr in osmotic P- salive and blood plasma

Peracute form: collapse and death

Acute/semi-acute: metab acidosis, incr lactobacilli, proteus and coli bacteria

Symptoms: NS, small amount of yellow/green faeces, flatulence, anuria, acidic smelling breath

Question 10

Prevention/treatment of acute lactic acid acidosis

Answer 10

Treatement: 5% NaOH 20-50ml intraruminally

Thiamine supplement

Reduce inflamm

Preventions: high conc preliminary feeding

Give hay/straw before grazing

Question 11

Urolithiasis occurrence and symptoms

Answer 11

Vesica urinaria splits– water belly– urea into abd cavity- death

Occurs in: castrated rams, fattening, when incr intake of Ca, P, Mg, K, grazers consuming plants high in SiO2

Syptoms: minerals sediment in urinary tract, slow and painful urination, high P content of the urine

Question 12

Prevention of urolithiasis (4)

Answer 12

Decr P intake (keep the Ca:P ratio at 2:1)

Acidify urine : 05% NH4Cl in conc or 7-14g of NH4Cl for 3-4 days

Grazing sheep: 3-4% NaCl

Water ad lib

Question 13

Urea toxicosis

Answer 13

Feeding NPN compounds to fattening lambs with no prelinary feeding

Toxic urea level is 0.4g/kgbw

Treatment: 500ml of vinegar dilluted 10-20 times

Glutamate PO 0.2g/kgbw

Maleic acid containg glucose: 0.5ml/kgbw IV

Question 14

Pregnancy toxicosis: causes, symptoms and necrotomy findings

Answer 14

Insufficient conc in diet

Transiet glucose def- prolonged hypoglycaemic states may lead to brain damage

E will eventually be supplied by fat

Symptoms: pregnant ewes unable to move, comatose stae before death

Necrotomy findings: healthy fetuses that died before the ewe, yellow liver with rounded edges

Question 15

Milk fever

Answer 15

Classical: incr Ca demand, surplus Ca in the diet

Non-typical: Incr P demand, surplus P in the diet

Syndrome: same as for dairy cattle

Question 16

GOAT (10)

*PAK is new from sheep**

Answer 16

1. Abortion
2. Acute enterotoxemy
3. Ketosis
4. Posthitis
5. Pregnancy toxicosis
6. Toxic plants
7. Urea toxicity
8. Urolithiasis
9. Acute lactic acid toxicity
10. Milk fever

Question 17

Abortion

Answer 17

Stress: day 90-110 decr glucose caused by the kids steroids having an estrogenous effect i.e the fetus is alive

Habitual abortion: hormonal imbalance- the fetus is dead

Question 18

Acute enterotoxemy

Answer 18

Caused by the incr in conc given after kidding

Cl perfringens

Ruemn pH 4.8

Question 19

Ketosis

Answer 19

Incr in NEFA

Na proprionate (is this the treatment?)

Question 20

Posthitis

Answer 20

Incr urea in the urine

Corynebacterium renale causes inflamm of the preupce

Question 21

Toxic plants

Answer 21

Generallt they have resistancetolerance (tannin)

Question 22

Urea toxicity

Answer 22

Lethal dose is 0.44g/kgbw (basically the same as for sheep)

Question 23

Urolithiasis

Answer 23

Usually in blocks

High P, but low Ca and K in the diet

Treatment: ammonium or potassium chloride to acidify the urine