Non-infectious abortions Flashcards
What is the goal of nutrition?
Better repro performance
Terminology: differences between abortion, embryonic death and still birth
Abortion: termination of pregnancy AFTER organogenesis but BEFORE expelled fetus could sruvive. Includes stillbirth, mummification, weak/deformed neonates.
Embryonic death: End of gestation BEFORE organogenesis
Still birth: death of full-term fetus, lungs are not inflated
Possible causes of abortion
Death of embryo
Contractions of uterus
Possible causes of embryonal mortality
Cancerogenic and teratogenic
Factors in question now regarding nidation
Uterine fluid pH and composition
Protein overfeeding
What are the 12 causes of non-infectious abortions
- PGE2 surge before abortion
- Spontaneous/habitual- stress induced
- Def in nutrients, vits or minerals
- Technological pollutants
- Industrial pollutants
- Mycotoxins
- Synergestic reactoins
- Immune incompetence
- Allergies
- COX system- arachidonic metab
- Amoeba, parasites, algae
- Cyanotoxins
PGE3 surge before abortion (5)
Stress/ social stress
Lack of nutriens, vits and minerals
Pollution
Allergy/immune
Toxic effects of microbes and algae
What are the pollutants causing the PGE2 surge before abortion? (6)
Phytotoxins
Mycotoxins
Heavy metals
Pesticides
Nitrate- nitrites
Thyreostatics
Spontaneous (habitual) abortion- stress factors (4)
Social stress- Calhouns rats- behavioural sink caused by overpopulation
Bruce-barton- phermones– mice and rats
Environment- heat, humidity, noisy flooring etc
Transport
Hierarchy-esp in sows and cows
Nutrient, vits or min deficiency (7)
Energy
Protein
Iodine
Vit K
Folic acid
Biotin
Vit A- this can be OD or def
E def
No fertilization and is abortive only in goats
Protein def
No fert
Iosine def
Caused by thyreostatic compounds in cruciferous plants
Nitrates nitrites in the drinking water
Vit K
Pregnant/ lactating rabbit
Folic acid
Hu!!
Spina bifida
Premature
Abortion
Biotin
Mice
Teratogenic
Vit A
Sows- OD or def
Congenital anomalies
Plants that cause nutrient def (5)
Meadow plants:
- Antinutritive compounds
- toxins
- Nitrates, nitrites
Locoweed: phytoestrogens
Poison hemlock, tobacco and juniper contain piperidines
Technological pollutants (3)
- Cresol
- Dicoumarol
- CO
Cresol
Spray used for mange and louse
Dicoumarol
Is rat poison
Animals can even become infected when they consume the carcass of the dead rat
CO
Faulty propane heaters
Stillbirth
Autolysed full term
The fetal membranes will be a cherry red colour
Inustrial pollutants (6)
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Polychlorinated and bromidated biphenyls (PCB’s and PBB’s) are estrogen, dioxin and phenobarb like
Heavy metals- Hg and Pb
Pesticides and fungicides
PCB’s and PBB’s what do the cause and where can they be found
they are estrogen, dioxin and phenobarb like
Chromosome leakage– abortion
In mive cause hydronephrosis of fetus
Found in: cooking oil, oil cakes and fishmeal- this one causes fatigue
Mycotoxins (4)
Ergotism
Zearlenon F2
Fumonisins
Trichothecenes: T2, DON, DAS
*ZEFT**
Ergotism
Clviceps purpurea (sclerotia) in hay and grain
Ergot alkaloids have severe oxytocic effect
In pregnant sows: lack of udder development, agalactia at partution and smaller piglets
Zearalenon F2
MOA: has estrogen like effect- binds to 17beta estradiol receptors on DNA
- Vulvovaginitis
- Estrogen syndrome in newborns
- Abortion (rare)
Fumonisims (sows)
Acute pum edema and hydrothorax
Sows recover but usually abort 2-3 days later
Trichothecenes- what are the 3 main toxins
T2
DON= vomitoxon
DAS= Stachybotyrotoxicosis
What are the effects of Trichothecenes
Immunosupp
Inhibit P4 production by the CL
Seizures
DAS= stachybotriotoxicosis
Abortion by toxins (macrocyclic trichothecene)- produced by fusarium sp
Syngergism
Nitrate and nitrite- in the drinking water
PCB’s
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1 and Cyclopramide: affects the liver-local necrotic spots or severe cancer
Immune incompetence (5)
- Blocking of maternal AB’s
- The anti-inflamm properties of P4 are blocked
- HLA= histocompatibility locus antigen blocking- inbreeding effect
- Phyto and mycotoxins are pollutants that modulate and compromise the immune response
- EPF (early pregnancy factor)- in serum 45hrs after fert and has immunosupp effect
When is there a decr in EPF
Before:
- Spont abortion
- Early partuition
- Stillbirth (sow)
Allergic reactions, what is the anaphylactoid reaction mediated by and what are the causes
Mediated by prost metab and omega 3 intake
Barley, rye and rice flour
Alfalfa meal and soybean
Cereals- gluten
Proteins- gliadin
Allergic reactions- what do the barley, rye and rice flour contain?
Alpha amylase inhibs and germ agglutinin
They inhale the flour dust- symptoms are similar to Bakers asthma
What does the alfalfa meal and soybean contain
Lectins
COX
Arachidonic acid metab
Relative P4 insufficiency
Allergic reaction
Can prevent abortion via NSAIDs (e.g salicylate) that block the COX mechanism
Amoeba, parasites, algae
Legionella type model
Global warming
Legionella type model
In sus house the air and watering systems acc fungi, algae, protozoa, bact
LLAP= legionella like amoebic pathogens- are natural inhabitants of water
These amoeba pathogens have greater resist to e.g disinfectants
Global warming
During summer- heating of the water tanks- they then act as incubators
Corrosion products may promote bact growth
Water chlorination via Na hypochlorite is used to decompose toxins BUT may cause algae to release toxins and produce trihalomethane
Cyanotoxins- 40 species!!! (4)
Microcysteins
Cyclindrospermopsin
Anatoxin A
Saxitoxins
When/ where can cyanotoxins be found
Algal blooms- acc of the toxins
Plumbing systems
Fish meals
Microcystins
cyclipeptides consisting of 7 aa’s
HEPATOtoxic (and abortive)
Cyclindrospermopsin
Tricyclic alkaloid
Toxic to cells, liver and genes
Anatoxin A
Bicyclic secondary amine
mimic Ach and so binds to Ach receptors
potent neurotoxin
Saxitoxins
Carbamate alkaloids
Neurotoxins
Some causes of infectious abortions (SUS)
PRRS
Parvo
Pseudorabies
Classical and African swine fever
FMD
Lepto
