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T1 & T2 Anatomy > The Leg and Thigh > Flashcards

The Leg and Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
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2
Q

What are the actions of gastrocnemius?

A
  • plantar flexion

- knee flexion (weak)

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3
Q

Gastrocnemius and soleus are sometimes collectively referred to as…

A

triceps surae

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4
Q

What muscles, together, are sometimes called the triceps surae?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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5
Q

What are the attachment points of tibialis anterior?

A

S/P: anterior, lateral, superior 1/2 of the tibia, interosseous membrane
I/D: base of the first MT, first (medial) cuneiform

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6
Q

What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?

A
  • PIP/DIP, MTP flexion of 2nd-5th toes
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
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7
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
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8
Q

What are the attachment points of extensor hallucis longus?

A

S/P: anterior middle fibula and interosseous membrane

I/D: base of the distal phalanx of the first toe (dorsal surface)

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9
Q

How is the connective tissue sheath, around tendons that pass through the retinacula, structured?

A

Connective tissue outer layer for structure and protection with a synovial inner layer for lubrication (as the tendon moves)

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10
Q

What are the attachment points of Popliteus?

A

S/P: lateral condyle of the femur

I/D: posterior proximal surface of the tibia, superior to the soleal line

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11
Q

What’s the a.k.a. for peroneus?

A

Fibularis

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12
Q

What does the anterior ligament of fibular head attach?

A

anterior proximal tibia – anterior proximal fibula

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13
Q

What’s the name of the tunnel that the flexor retinaculum makes?

A

tarsal tunnel

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14
Q

What’s the fascia of the calf continuous with?

A

plantar aponeurosis

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15
Q

What are the actions of extensor digitorum longus?

A
  • extension of 2nd to 5th toes (MTPs, PIPs, DIPs)
  • dorsiflexion
  • eversion
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16
Q

What are the attachment points of gastrocnemius?

A

S/P: 2 heads attaching to the medial and lateral femoral condyles
I/D: calcaneus (via the achilles tendon)

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17
Q

What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?

A
  • 1st MTP, 1st IP flexion
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
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18
Q

What do muscles in a compartment have in common?

A

They have similar functions and share the same nerve and blood supply

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19
Q

What are the attachment points of peroneus longus?

A

S/P: lateral proximal 2/3rds of fibula

I/D: base of the 1st MT, 1st (medial) cuneiform (plantar surface)

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20
Q

What are the attachment points of peroneus tertius?

A

S/P: anterior distal fibula

I/D: base of the 5th MT (dorsal surface)

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21
Q

What’s the a.k.a. for the achilles tendon?

A

calcaneal tendon

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22
Q

What are the attachment points of extensor digitorum longus?

A

S/P: proximal three quarters of the anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
I/D: middle and distal phalanges of lateral four toes (dorsal surface)

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23
Q

What are the actions of peroneus tertius?

A
  • dorsiflexion

- eversion

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24
Q

What are the attachment points of peroneus brevis?

A

S/P: lateral distal 2/3rds of fibula

I/D: tuberosity of the 5th MT

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25
Q

What are the attachment points of flexor hallucis longus?

A

S/P: lower 2/3rds of posterior fibula, interosseous membrane

I/D: plantar surface of 1st distal phalanx

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26
Q

What is the action of soleus?

A

plantar flexion

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27
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment?

A
  • peroneus longus

- peroneus brevis

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28
Q

Which muscles share the achilles tendon?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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29
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular?

A

fibrous (it’s a thickening of the interosseous membrane at its distal end)

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30
Q

Which tendons pass behind the medial malleolus?

A 
Tendons of:
-tibialis posterior
-flexor hallucis longus
-flexor digitorum longus
(Tendons of the deep posterior compartment)
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31
Q

What are the attachment points of tibialis posterior?

A

S/P: posterior tibia, interosseous membrane, fibula

I/D: navicular tuberosity and surrounding bones

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32
Q

Why/where would you find a tendon sheath around a tendon in the distal leg?

A

Where there is a possibility of friction between the tendons and retinacula

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33
Q

What are the attachment points of soleus?

A

S/P: proximal posterior fibula, soleal line (tibia), middle 1/3rd of medial border of tibia
I/D: calcaneus (via the achilles tendon)

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34
Q

What’s the femoral triangle?

A

-a depression in the superomedial thigh (inferior to the inguinal ligament) observable during hip flexion
Boundaries:
-superiorly: inguinal ligament
-medially: adductor longus
-laterally: sartorius
-floor (medial to lateral): pectinius, iliopsoas
-roof: fascia lata

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35
Q

An a.k.a. for “calf”

A

surae

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36
Q

What keeps the tendons from the anterior compartment from bowing when muscles contract?

A

Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum

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37
Q

What does the posterior ligament of fibular head attach?

A

posterior proximal tibia – posterior proximal fibula

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38
Q

What are the actions of the tibialis posterior?

A
  • plantar flexion

- inversion

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39
Q

What are the actions of extensor hallucis longus?

A
  • extension of the first toe (MTP, IP)
  • assists in dorsiflexion
  • inversion (minimal)
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40
Q

What are the actions of peroneus brevis?

A
  • eversion

- plantar flexion (weak)

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41
Q

What actions does tibialis anterior perform?

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • inversion
  • eccentrically contracts to prevent anterior foot from dropping when walking
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42
Q

What are the actions of Popliteus?

A
  • flexion of the knee (very weak because attachments are so close to the joint)
  • medial rotation of the knee for unlocking of the screw-home mechanism
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43
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • peroneus tertius
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44
Q

What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
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45
Q

What actions does plantaris perform?

A
  • plantar flexion (weak)

- knee flexion (weak)

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46
Q

Where are anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments located?

A

distal end

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47
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
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48
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment?

A
  • peroneus longus

- peroneus brevis

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49
Q

What are the attachment points of flexor digitorum longus?

A

S/P: posterior middle tibia

I/D: plantar surface of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

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50
Q

What are the actions of peroneus longus?

A
  • eversion

- plantar flexion (weak)

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51
Q

What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular and what movements are allowed?

A
  • synovial plane
  • limited superior glide with dorsiflexion
  • limited inferior glide with plantar flexion
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52
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A
  1. anterior compartment
  2. lateral compartment
  3. superficial posterior compartment
  4. deep posterior compartment
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53
Q

What two muscles form a stirrup on the plantar surface?

A

peroneus longus and tibealis anterior

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54
Q

What are the attachment points of plantaris?

A

S/P: distal lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur

I/D: calcaneus

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55
Q

What keeps the tendons of the lateral compartment from bowing when muscles contract?

A

superior and inferior peroneal retinaculum

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56
Q

Tendons of which two muscles pass behind the lateral malleolus?

A

peroneus longus and peroneus brevis

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57
Q

What’s the Screw Home Mechanism?

A

When the knee is fully extended, the tibia rotates laterally which locks the knee into a more stable position - this is the screw home mechanism. To flex the knee, the popliteus medially rotates the tibia to “unlock” the knee and allow it to flex.

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58
Q

The inferior attachment of the posterior fibres of adductor magnus attach to:

A

the adductor tubercle

59
Q

Which direction does the head of the femur face?

A

medially, superiorly, anteriorly

60
Q

Which direction does the acetabulum face?

A

laterally, inferiorly, anteriorly

61
Q

Which side of the femur is the intertrochanteric line? crest?

A

line: anterior
crest: posterior

62
Q

Where is the gluteal tuberosity located?

A

superior lateral lip of linea aspera (just inferior to greater trochanter on posterior aspect of femur)

63
Q

Where is pectin pubis?

A

superior edge of the superior pubic ramus (aka pectineal line [of pubic bone]) (CA! there is also a pectineal line on the femur)

64
Q

Where is the pectineal line of the femur?

A

extends from inferior lesser trochanter (CA! there is also a pectineal line on the superior pubic ramus)

65
Q

This is a rough ridge with two lips (medial and lateral) on the posterior surface of the femur.

A

linea aspera

66
Q

Where is the popliteal fossa (aka popliteal surface)?

A

triangular area on the inferior posterior surface of the femur between where medial and lateral supracondylar lines branch out toward the condyles

67
Q

Where does the iliofemoral ligament attach, what does it check and what’s its aka?

A

attaches: AIIS, acetabular rim - intertrochanteric line of the femur
checks: extension, abduction, lateral rotation
aka: Y ligament

68
Q

Where does the pubofemoral ligament attach and what does it check?

A

attaches: superior pubic ramus - iliofemoral ligament
checks: abduction

69
Q

Where does the ischiofemoral ligament attach and what does it check?

A

attaches: ischial part of the acetabular rim - femoral neck and medial greater trochanter
checks: hyperextension

70
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach and what does it check?

A

attaches: dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx and PSIS - superior ischial tuberosity
checks: hyperextension

71
Q

Where are the trochanteric bursa located?

A

superficial: between gluteus maximus and greater trochanter
deep: between gluteus medius and the greater trochanter

72
Q

What moves over the iliopectineal bursa?

A

iliopsoas (like on a pulley)

73
Q

This bursa overlies the ischial tuberosity

A

ischiogluteal bursa

74
Q

What’s the fascia of the thigh called?

A

fascia lata

75
Q

The fascia of the thigh thickens laterally – this very strong part of the fascia lata is called the…

A

iliotibial band (tract)

76
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of psoas major?

A

S/P: sides of the T12-L5 vertebrae and the associated intervertebral discs
I/D: lesser trochanter of the femur
action: works with iliacus to flex the hip joint
action: flexes the lumbar spine when you’re already somewhat forward flexed

77
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of iliacus?

A

S/P: iliac fossa
I/D: lesser trochanter
action: works with psoas major to flex the hip joint
action: pulls the hip bone anteriorly (anterior tilt)

78
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of gluteus maximus?

A

S/P: external and posterior surface of the ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
I/D: 3/4 of the fibres attach into the iliotibial band, remaining fibres attach to the gluteal tuberosity
action: hip joint extension
action: hip joint lateral rotation
action: hip abduction

79
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of gluteus medius?

A

S/P: external ilium (anterior 2/3rds)
I/D: lateral surface of the greater trochanter
action: hip joint abduction
action: pelvic support during weight bearing
action: anterior fibres - hip joint medial rotation, flexion
action: posterior fibres - hip joint lateral rotation, extension

80
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of gluteus minimus?

A

S/P: external ilium (deep to gluteus medius)
I/D: anterior surface of the greater trochanter (deep to gluteus medius)
action: hip joint abduction
action: hip joint medial rotation
action: anterior fibres - hip joint flexion

81
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of tensor fascia lata?

A 
S/P: outer ASIS
I/D: iliotibial band (approximately 1/3rd down the thigh)
action: hip joint flexion
action: hip joint abduction
action: hip joint medial rotation
82
Q

What are the short hip lateral rotators?

A
  • piriformis
  • gemellus superior
  • obturator internus
  • gemellus inferior
  • obturator externus
  • quadratus femoris
83
Q

What’s the translation for piriformis?

A

pear shaped

84
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of piriformis?

A

S/P: anterior sacrum traveling through the greater sciatic notch
I/D: posteromedial aspect of the greater trochanter
action: hip joint lateral rotation
action: hip joint abduction (when the hip is flexed to approximately 60º)
action: hip joint medial rotation (when the hip is flexed greater than 60º)

85
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of obturator internus?

A

S/P: inner margin of the obturator foramen
I/D: posteromedial aspect of the greater trochanter
action: hip joint lateral rotation

86
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of gemellus superior?

A

S/P: ischial spine
I/D: posteromedial aspect of the greater trochanter (via the tendon of obturator internus)
action: hip joint lateral rotation

87
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of gemellus inferior?

A

S/P: ischial tuberosity (superior aspect)
I/D: intertrochanteric crest
action: hip joint lateral rotation

88
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of obturator externus?

A

S/P: outer margin of the obturator foramen
I/D: posteromedial aspect of the greater trochanter
action: hip joint lateral rotation

89
Q

Describe the shape and location of the patella

A

triangle-shaped sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps tendon

90
Q

What are the surfaces and ridge of the posterior aspect of the patella?

A
  • vertical ridge

- lateral and medial articular facets (articulate with condyles of femur)

91
Q

What portion of body weight does the fibula carry?

A

carries about 1/6th of body weight

92
Q

Where is the apex of the fibula and what’s its aka?

A

superior end of fibula (top of the head)

aka: styloid process

93
Q

The superior surface of the tibia between its condyles

A

intercondylar eminence

94
Q

The two projections on the superior surface of the tibia

A

lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles

95
Q

What is the aka for the media condyle of the tibia?

A

medial tibial plateau

96
Q

The large prominence lateral and superior to the tibial tuberosity:

A

gerdy’s tubercle (aka lateral tibial tubercle)

97
Q

What attaches to gerdy’s tubercle?

A

iliotibial band

98
Q

On the posterior aspect of the tibia, this line travels in an inferomedial direction from the lateral condyle to medial mid shaft

A

soleal line

99
Q

Which bone does the patella articulate with?

A

femur (patellar surface)

100
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

synovial modified hinge (modified because when flexed we get a bit of rotation)

101
Q

In which direction does the patella move when the knee flexes and extends?

A
  • moves inferiorly during flexion

- moves superiorly and then laterally during extension

102
Q

Which condyle of the femur projects farther anteriorly and why?

A

lateral femoral condyle projects farther anteriorly than medial, which prevents the patella from tracking too far laterally

103
Q

What’s the translation for “varus” and “valgus”?

A

to return; to go out

104
Q

What are the attachment points of the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament and what does it check?

A

attaches: lateral epicondyle of femur - fibular head
checks: varus deviation

105
Q

What are the attachment points of the tibial (medial) collateral ligament and what does it check?

A

attaches: medial epicondyle of the femur - medial condyle of the tibia
attaches: deep fibres attach to medial meniscus (the ligament is a thickening of the joint capsule)
checks: valgus deviation

106
Q

What are the attachment points of the anterior cruciate ligament and what does it check?

A

attaches: anterior intercondylar area of the tibia - posterior and medial side of the lateral femoral condyle
(slack when the knee is flexed and taut when the knee is in full extension)
checks: anterior translation of the tibia on the femur and knee extension

107
Q

What are the attachment points of the posterior cruciate ligament and what does it check?

A

attaches: posterior intercondylar area of the tibia - anterior and lateral side of the medial femoral condyle
(slack when the knee is extended and taut when the knee is in full flexion)
checks: posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and knee flexion

108
Q

What are menisci and where do they attach?

A

plates of fibrocartilage attached to the articular surfaces of the tibia

109
Q

What are the functions of menisci?

A
  • shock absorbtion

- deepen the articulation

110
Q

Which ligament does the medial meniscus attach to?

A

medial collateral ligament

111
Q

What connects the menisci anteriorly?

A

transverse ligament of the knee

112
Q

What attaches the menisci to their respective tibial condyles/plateaus?

A

medial and lateral coronary ligaments

113
Q

Where is the suprapatellar bursa located, what is it connected to, and what holds it in place/retracts it?

A
  • located between the tendon of the quadriceps and femur
  • connected to the joint capsule
  • articularis genus muscle holds it in place and retracts it during knee extension
114
Q

Where is the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa located and what’s the layman’s term for inflammation here?

A
  • between skin and patella

- inflamm. known as housemaid’s knee

115
Q

Where is the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa located and what’s the layman’s term for inflammation here?

A
  • between skin and proximal tibia (in the area of the tibial tuberosity)
  • inflamm. known as carpet layer’s knee or clergyman’s knee)
116
Q

Where is the deep infrapatellar bursa located?

A

between the tendon of the quadriceps and the anterior tibia (superior to the tibial tuberosity)

117
Q

Where is the pes anserine bursa located?

A

between the tendons of the pes anserinus muscles and the medial tibia

118
Q

What is the translation for pes anserine?

A

goose’s foot

119
Q

From anterior to posterior, what are the pes anserine muscles?

A
  • sartorius
  • gracilis
  • semitendinosus
120
Q

Where is the media semimembranosus bursa located and what’s the layman’s term for inflammation here?

A
  • between the tendons of the medial semimembranosus muscles and the medial gastrocnemius
  • inflamm. known as baker’s cyst)
121
Q

Where is the bursa deep to the iliotibial band located and what’s the layman’s term for inflammation here?

A
  • between the iliotibial band and lateral femoral epicondyle

- inflamm. known as IT band friction syndrome or runner’s knee

122
Q

What are the quadriceps muscles?

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
123
Q

What’s the common inferior attachment of the quadriceps and where does it attach inferiorly?

A
  • quadriceps tendon aka patellar ligament

- attaches to tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

124
Q

What are the attachments and actions of rectus femoris?

A

S/P: AIIS and superior to acetabular rim
I/D: tibial tuberosity
action: hip flexion
action: knee extension

125
Q

Which quadriceps muscles cross the hip joint?

A

just rectus femoris

126
Q

What are the attachments and actions of vastus lateralis?

A

S/P: lateral lip of linea aspera
I/D: tibial tuberosity
(deep to IT band)
action: knee joint extension

127
Q

What are the attachments and actions of vastus medialis?

A

S/P: medial lip of linea aspera
I/D: tibial tuberosity
action: knee joint extension

128
Q

What are the attachments and actions of vastus intermedius?

A

S/P: proximal 2/3rds of the femur
I/D: tibial tuberosity
(deep to rectus femoris)
action: knee joint extension

129
Q

What are the attachments and actions of vastus medialis obliquus?

A

S/P: medial distal femur, vastus medialis, adductor magnus
I/D: medial patella
action: knee joint extension
action: pulls patella medially (to prevent excessive lateral tracking)

130
Q

What are the attachments and actions of articularis genus?

A

S/P: anterior distal femur
I/D: proximal articular capsule of the knee joint
action: pulls the capsule proximally during knee extension to prevent pinching of the capsule

131
Q

What are the attachments and actions of sartorius?

A 
S/P: ASIS
I/D: proximal anteromedial tibia
action: hip joint flexion
action: hip joint abduction
action: hip joint lateral rotation
action: knee joint flexion
action: knee joint medial rotation (when the knee is already flexed)
all actions: think crossing leg figure 4 and pull to medially rotate the knee
132
Q

What’s the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

133
Q

What are the attachments and actions of pectineus?

A 
(floor of the femoral triangle)
S/P: anterior pubic bone
I/D: just inferior to the lesser trochanter on the pectineal line
action: hip adduction
action: hip flexion (weak)
134
Q

What are the attachments and actions of adductor brevis?

A

S/P: anterior pubic bone
I/D: proximal linea aspera
action: hip adduction
action: hip flexion

135
Q

What are the attachments and actions of adductor longus?

A

S/P: anterior pubic bone
I/D: linea aspera (middle 1/3rd)
action: hip adduction
action: hip flexion

136
Q

What are the attachments and actions of gracilis?

A 
S/P: anterior pubic bone
I/D: proximal anteromedial tibia
action: hip adduction
action: knee flexion
action: knee medial rotation
(the only hip adductor to cross the knee; the longest hip adductor)
137
Q

What are the attachments and actions of adductor magnus anterior fibres (adductor part)?

A

S/P: anterior pubic bone
I/D: linea aspera, supracondylar line
action: hip adduction
actino: hip flexion

138
Q

What are the attachments and actions of adductor magnus posterior fibres (hamstring part)?

A

S/P: ischial tuberosity
I/D: adductor tubercle (tubercle just above medial epicondyle)
action: hip adduction
action: hip extension

139
Q

Where is the adductor hiatus?

A

inferior to the distal anterior fibres of adductor magnus

140
Q

What are the hamstring muscles?

A
  • biceps femoris (short and long heads)
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
141
Q

What are the attachments and actions of biceps femoris - long head?

A 
S/P: ischial tuberosity
I/D: fibular head
action: hip extension
action: knee flexion
action: knee lateral rotation
142
Q

What are the attachments and actions of biceps femoris - short head?

A

S/P: linea aspera (mid-shaft)
I/D: fibular head
action: knee flexion
action: knee lateral rotation (slight)

143
Q

What are the attachments and actions of semitendinosus?

A 
S/P: ischial tuberosity
I/D: proximal anteomedial tibia
action: hip extension
action: knee flexion
action: knee medial rotation
144
Q

What are the attachments and actions of semimembranosus?

A 
S/P: ischial tuberosity
I/D: posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia
action: hip extension
action: knee flexion
action: knee medial rotation

T1 & T2 Anatomy (28 decks)

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