Skull bones and Facial Muscles Flashcards
In which bone is the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
What joint does the occipital condyles help form?
Atlantooccipital joint
Which mm attach to the superior and inferior nuchal lines?
S: upper traps, splenius capitis I: rectus capitis posterior major and minor
At what part of the nose are the nasal bones found?
bridge
What goes through the infraorbital foramen of the maxilla?
Infraorbital Nerve – Division of cranial nerve 5 (CN5) (Trigeminal nerve)
Where is the ethmoid bone located?
roof of the nose between the orbits (separates nasal cavity from the brain)
What’s the ridge of bone projecting superiorly from the ethmoid bone and what attaches there?
crista galli; falx ceribri
What does the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone provide passageways for?
olfactory nerves (CN1)
This forms the posterior and superior part of the nasal septum:
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What are the sutures of the skull?
-coronal suture (between frontal and; parietal) -sagittal suture (between 2 parietals) -bregma (meeting point between the coronal and sagittal bones) (babies have an anterior fontanelle (soft spot) here) -squamous suture (between partietal and temporal bones) -lambdoid suture (occipital, temporal and parietal) -lambda (meeting point of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures) (posterior fontanelle) -pterion (connection between the spenoid, temporal, frontal and parietal bones) (weakest part of the skull due to many articulations)
What are the bones of the eye socket?
(cone-shaped cavity) -frontal (roof) -zygomatic (lat. border) -maxilla (floor) -sphenoid (post. wall) -ethmoid (med. border)
What’s the name of the cheek bone?
zygomatic bone
What’s the skeleton of the mouth between the nose and eyes called?
the maxillae
Where are the sinuses of the facial bones?
-frontal (2) -sphenoidal (2) -ethmoidal (2) -maxillary (2)
Nose hairs that remove particulate from air are called:
vibrissae
What articulates at the temporomadibular joint?
head/condyle of the mandible articulates with the madibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
What kind of joint is the temporomandibular?
synovial modified hinge
Attached to the TMJ articular disc posteriorly, this helps maintain the proper positioning of the disc:
the retrodiscal pad
What are the ligaments of TMJ?
-the lateral temporomandibular ligament (thickening of joint capsule laterally) -sylomandibular ligament (sytloid process of temporal bone - angle of mandible) -sphenomandibular ligament (sphenoid - lingula)
What are the available movements of the temporomandibular joint?
-depression (opening the mouth) -elevation (closing the mouth) -protraction/protrusion (anterior translation fothe mandible) -retraction/retrusion (posterior translation of the mandible -deviation (movement from side to side)
What are the attachments of temporalis?
S: temporal bone (fossa) I: coronoid process and anterior ramus of mandible
What are the actions of temporalis?
-elevation of the mandible -retraction of the mandible (more horizontal/posterior fibres)
What are the attachments of the masseter?
note: superficial and deep fibres S: inferior border of the zygomatic arch I: angle of the mandible
What are the actions of masseter?
-elevation of the mandible (prime mover) -protraction of the mandible (superficial fibres) -retraction of the mandible (from a protracted position)
What gland sits over the mandible?
parotid gland
What are the attachments of lateral pterygoid?
note: superior and inferior heads A: greater wing of the sphenoid (superior head) and lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid (inferior head) P: neck of the mandible (inferior head), articular disc (superior head)
What are the actions of lateral pterygoid?
-protraction of the mandible -translational (anterior/posterior) control of the articular disc (superior head) -depression of the mandible (inferior head) (once translation occurs) -contralateral deviation of the mandible
What are the attachments of medial pterygoid?
A: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate I: pterygoid tuberosity (inner surface of the angle of the mandible)
What are the actions of medial pterygoid?
-elevation of the maindible -protraction of the mandible -contralateral deviation of the mandible
What are the actions of the hyoids?
(hyoid fixed): assist in depression of the mandible
Which muscle actions result in elevation of the mandible?
-temporalis -masseter -medial pterygoid -lateral pterygoid (superior head) (eccentric control of disc return)
Which muscle actions result in protraction of the mandible?
-masseter (superficial fibres) -lateral pterygoid -medial pterygoid
Which muscle actions result in retraction of the mandible?
-temporalis (posterior/horizontal fibres) -masseter (deep fibres)
Which muscle actions result in deviation of the mandible?
contralateral pterygoids
Muscles activated in depression of mandible are:
-digastric -mylohyoid -geniohyoid -(when translation occurs): lower head of lateral pterygoid
Muscles activated in elevation of mandible are:
-masseter -medial pterygoid -temporalis -superior portion of lateral pterygoid
Muscles activated in deviation of mandible are:
-contralateral medial pterygoid -contralateral lateral pterygoid
Muscles activated in protraction of mandible are:
-medial pterygoid -masseter -lateral pterygoid
Muscles activated in retraction of mandible are:
-temporalis -occasionally deep fibres of masseter
What are the attachment points of occipitofrontalis (epicranius)?
-occipitalis (2 bellies): superior nuchal line - epicranial aponeurosis -frontalis (2 bellies): skin near the eyebrows - epicranial aponeurosis
What are the actions of occipitofrontalis (epicranius)?
-occipitalis anchors the aponeurosis so that the frontalis can pull the eyebrows up (surprise!)
What are the actions of orbicularis oculi?
-sphincter of the eye - contraction closes the eyelids (squint) -also helps to empty the lacrimal (tear) sac (tearing)
What are the actions of corrugator supercilii?
draws eyebrows inferiorly and medially (frown)
What are the actions of levator labii superioris?
raises upper lip (snarl)
What are the actions of levator labii superioris aleque nasi?
-raises lip (stank face) -dilates nostrils
What are the actions of zygomaticus minor?
raises upper lip (elvis)
What are the actions of zygomaticus major?
draws the angle of the mouth superolaterally (smile)
What are the actions of orbicularis oris?
-sphincter of the mouth -fibres are derived from other muscles -closes the lips (whistle) -protrudes the lips (kissing) -compresses lips against teeth (speaking)
What are the actions of mentalis?
raises and protrudes lower lip (pout)
What are the actions of depressor labii inferioris?
draws lip inferiorly and slightly laterally (yikes)
What are the actions of depressor anguli oris?
depresses the corner of the mouth (sad)
What are the actions of buccinator?
-compresses cheek against molar teeth when chewing (keeps the food where the teeth can grind it) -helps with whistling
What are the actions of platysma?
retracts and depresses angle of the mouth (creature from the black lagoon)
What are the actions of auricularis anterior?
draws ear up and forward
What are the actions of auricularis posterior?
draws ear back
What are the actions of risorius?
pulls corners of mouth laterally (george forman)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye and what are their actions?
-levator palpebrae superioris: elevates the upper eyelid -rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral): contol the eyeball -oblique muscles (superior, inferior): control the eyeball
What are the actions of occipitofrontalis (epicranius)?
-occipitalis anchors the aponeurosis so that the frontalis can pull the eyebrows up (surprise!)
What are the actions of orbicularis oculi?
-sphincter of the eye - contraction closes the eyelids (squint) -also helps to empty the lacrimal (tear) sac (tearing)
What are the actions of corrugator supercilii?
draws eyebrows inferiorly and medially (frown)
What are the actions of levator labii superioris?
raises upper lip (snarl)
What are the actions of levator labii superioris aleque nasi?
-raises lip (stank face) -dilates nostrils
What are the actions of zygomaticus minor?
raises upper lip (elvis)
What are the actions of zygomaticus major?
draws the angle of the mouth superolaterally (smile)
What are the actions of orbicularis oris?
-sphincter of the mouth -fibres are derived from other muscles -closes the lips (whistle) -protrudes the lips (kissing) -compresses lips against teeth (speaking)
What are the actions of mentalis?
raises and protrudes lower lip (pout)
What are the actions of depressor labii inferioris?
draws lip inferiorly and slightly laterally (yikes)
What are the actions of depressor anguli oris?
depresses the corner of the mouth (sad)
What are the actions of buccinator?
-compresses cheek against molar teeth when chewing (keeps the food where the teeth can grind it) -helps with whistling
What are the actions of platysma?
retracts and depresses angle of the mouth (creature from the black lagoon)
What are the actions of auricularis anterior?
draws ear up and forward
What are the actions of auricularis posterior?
draws ear back
What are the actions of risorius?
pulls corners of mouth laterally (george forman)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye and what are their actions?
-levator palpebrae superioris: elevates the upper eyelid -rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral): contol the eyeball -oblique muscles (superior, inferior): control the eyeball
What’s a general description for the cranium and what bones does it consists of?
the part of the skull that contains the brain -frontal -occipital -sphenoid -ethmoid -temporal -parietal
This is the dome-like superior portion of the cranium
calvaria
Where is the mandibular notch?
superior mandible between the condyle and coronoid process
Where is the coronoid process of the mandible and what bone is it closest to in closed-packed position?
superior and anterior; closest to zygomatic bone
Where is the head of the mandible and where does it articulate?
superor and posterior; articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Where are the mental foramen and what passes through it?
just lateral to the mental tubercle; mental nerves pass through
Where is the mental protuberance?
middle of anterior chin
Where is the lingula and what attaches to it?
around the mandibular foramen; sphenomandibular ligament
Where is the mandibular foramen?
medial centre of ramus
Where is the mandibular canal and what is it a passageway for?
medial centre of ramus (opening is mandibular foramen); passageway for inferior alviolar nerve
Where is the digastric fossa?
posteromedial mandible
Where is the mylohyoid line?
horizontally across posterior of front part of mandible
Where is the pterygoid tuberosity?
medial angle of the mandible
What does glabella mean?
hairless
Where is the superciliary arch of the frontal bone?
immediately superior to orbits
Where is the glabella of the frontal bone?
between the superciliary arches (above and between orbits)
Where are the supraorbital foramen?
just superiomedially to orbits (small and can be sensitive)
What does peres mean?
wall
Where do temporal fascia and temporalis attach on the temporal bone?
superior and inferior temporal lines
The anterior process of the temporal bone
zygomatic process
Where is the articular tubercle of the temporal bone?
just anterior to the mandibular fossa
Where is the mastoid process of the temporal bone?
just inferior to the external acoustic meatus
What muscle is the styloid process of the temporal bone attached to?
attached to the stylohyoid muscle
What do malleus, incus and stapes mean?
hammer; anvil; stirrup
What’s the wedge-shaped bone anterior to the temporal bones?
the sphenoid bone
What does sella turcica mean?
turkish saddle
What does the sella turcica house?
houses the pituitary gland
Where are the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid?
medial and lateral plates of inferior processes of the sphenoid bone
These form the sockets of maxillary teeth
alveolar processes of the maxillae
The inferior part of the nostril is made up by the ___ of the maxillae
palatine process
What are the biomechanics of TMJ?
(depression) -beginning to midrange is primarily rotation of head of mandible in mandibular fossa -mid to endrange is primarily translation of head of mandible from fossa onto articular tubercle (of temporal bone) -as translation occurs, the articular disc is pulled anteriorly by the lateral pterygoid to maintain joint surface congruency
