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T1 & T2 Anatomy > Back and Neck Muscles > Flashcards

Back and Neck Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the attachments of sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?

A
  • S: mastoid process
  • I: sternum (sternal head)
  • I: clavicle (clavicular head)
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2
Q

What are the actions of sternocleidomastoid?

A
  • contralateral rotation of the head and neck
  • ipsilateral lateral flexion of the head and neck
  • flexion of the neck (if the head/neck is in neutral or flexed)
  • extension of the head (if the head is already extended)
  • assists with inspiration
  • anterior translation of head on neck
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3
Q

What are the borders and contents of the Anterior Cervical Triangle

A
  • base: mandible
  • lateral border: SCM
  • medial border: midsagittal plane of the neck
  • contents: muscles, arteries, veins, lymph nodes, viscera, thyroid and parathyroid glands
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4
Q

What are the borders, floor and contents of the Posterior Cervical Triangle?

A
  • base: clavicle
  • anterior: SCM (posterior aspect)
  • posterior border: trapezius
  • floor:
    • splenius capitis
    • levator scapula
    • middle scalenes
    • posterior scalenes
    • omohyoid
    • brachial plexus
    • subclavian artery and vein
  • contents: blood vessels and nerves
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5
Q

Where is the larynx located and what does it do?

A
  • location: just inferior to where the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus
  • does voice production (Adam’s apple is formed by the thyroid cartilage)
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6
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • stylohyoid
  • digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
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7
Q

What are the general actions of the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • superior attachments fixed: elevate the hyoid bone
  • hyoid fixed: assist in depressing (lowering) the mandible
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8
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
  • omohyoid
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9
Q

What are the general actions of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

depress the hyoid bone

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10
Q

What are the two-headed muscles of the hyoids?

A
  • digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
  • omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies)
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11
Q

Which muscle group attaches the hyoid to the skull?

A

suprahyoids

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12
Q

The prefix “omo” refers to:

A

the shoulder (inferior belly of omohyoid attaches to superior border of he scapula near the suprascapular notch)

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13
Q

What’s between the muscle bellies of each of the two-headed hyoid muscles?

A

intermediate tendons

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial layer of the back?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • levator scapula
  • rhomboid major (and minor)
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15
Q

What are the intermediate muscles of the back, and what do they do?

A

accessory muscles of respiration

  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus posterior inferior
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16
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the deep back muscles?

A
  • splenius capitis
  • splenius cervicis
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17
Q

What muscles are in the intermediate layer of the deep back muscles?

A

3 columns of muscles collectively called the erector spinae (aka paraspinals). Medial to lateral, they are:

  • spinalis
  • longissimus
  • iliocostalis
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18
Q

What muscles are in the deep layer of the deep back muscles and have a superomedial fibre direction?

A

(collectively called the transversospinalis muscles) from superficial to deep:

  • semispinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
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19
Q

What muscles are in the deep layer of the deep back muscles and have a vertical fibre direction?

A
  • interspinales
  • intertransversarii
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20
Q

Where are the muscles in the deep layer of the deep back muscles, and generally where do they attach?

A

superomedial or vertical fibre direction

  • found in the groove between the spinous and transverse processes (the laminar groove)
  • some (SMR) attach from the TVP to the SP of a superior vertebrae
  • some (inters) attach from SP-SP or TVP-TVP
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21
Q

What are the attachments of serratus posterior superior? What is it deep to? Superficial to?

A
  • M: SPs of C7-T3
  • L: superior borders of ribs 2-5
  • deep to rhomboids
  • superficial to erector spinae
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22
Q

What are the attachments of serratus posterior inferior? What is it deep to? Superficial to?

A
  • M: SPs of T11-L2
  • L: lower 4 ribs
  • deep to latissiumus/thoracolumbar fascia
  • superficial to the erector spinae
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23
Q

What are the actions of serratus posterior superior?

A

elevates ribs 2-5 (supports breathing – forced inspiration)

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24
Q

What are the actions of serratus posterior inferior?

A

draws ribs down and back (with forced expiration – coughing, sneezing, blowing nose…)

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25
Q

What does splenium mean?

A

bandage (gr.)

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26
Q

What are the attachments and actions of splenius capitis?

A
  • I: SPs of C4-T2
  • S: mastoid process and lateral superior nuchal line
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
  • bilateral contraction: extension of the neck
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27
Q

What are the attachments and actions of splenius cervicis?

A
  • S: C1-C4 TVPs (posterior tubercles)
  • I: SPs of T3-T5
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
  • bilateral contraction: extension of the neck
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28
Q

What’s the general location, structure and direction of the intermediate back muscles?

A
  • arise inferiorly from the thoracolumbar fascia and spread out in a superolateral direction
  • are subdivided into 3 columns of muscles on either side of the spine and each column has 3 segments
29
Q

What are the shortest and longest columns of the paraspinals (aka erector spinae)?

A
  • shortest: spinalis
  • longest: longissimus
30
Q

What are the divisions of spinalis, generally where are they located and generally where to they attach?

A

(very thin)

  • sit in the laminar groove
  • thoracis, cervicis, capitis
  • attach to the SPs
31
Q

What are the divisions of longissimus and generally where to they attach?

A
  • all attach to TVPs
  • thoracis, cervicis, capitis (also attaches to mastoid process superiorly)
32
Q

What are the divisions of iliocostalis and generally where do they attach?

A
  • lumborum (angle of ribs 8-12)
  • thoracis (angle of ribs 1-7)
  • cervicis (ribs 4-7 just medial to thoracis; also TVPs of C3-6)
33
Q

What are the actions of erector spinae (aka paraspinals)?

A
  • unilateral: lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • bilateral: extension of the vertebral column
34
Q

Generally where are semispinalis muscles, what are their divisions, and generally where do they attach?

A
  • superior 1/2 of spinal column
  • thoracis, cervicis, capitis (capitis attaches superiorly between the superior and inferior nuchal lines; it’s the largest mass in the posterior neck)
  • attaches to a TVP laterally then SP of a superior vertebrae (skips 3-6 vertebrae)
35
Q

What are the actions of semispinalis?

A
  • bilateral: extension of the head and neck
  • unilateral: contralateral rotation of the neck
36
Q

Generally where do multifidus muscles attach and what are their actions?

A
  • attaches from S4-C2 (skipping 1-3 vertebrae) (only “intrinsic” back muscle to cross the sacrum)
  • bilateral: extension of the spine, stabilization
  • unilateral: lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
37
Q

Generally where do rotatores muscles attach and what are their actions?

A
  • attaches to a TVP laterally then SP of a superior vertebrae
  • bilateral: stabilization
  • unilateral: contralateral rotation
38
Q

Generally where do interspinales muscles attach and what are their actions?

A
  • paired muscles on either side of cervical and lumbar SPs
  • extension
39
Q

Generally where do intertransversarii muscles attach and what are their actions?

A
  • attach TVPs of adjacent vertebrae of cervical and lumbar spine
  • lateral flexion
40
Q

What are the suboccipital muscles, and what are they deep to?

A

deep to semispinalis capitis

  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • obliquus capitis superior
41
Q

What are the attachments and actions of rectus capitis posterior major?

A
  • I: SP of C2
  • S: inferior nuchal line
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation of the head
  • bilateral contraction: extend the head on the neck
42
Q

What are the attachments and actions of rectus capitis posterior minor?

A
  • I: posterior arch of C1 (posterior tubercle)
  • S: inferior nuchal line (also to dura mater)
  • bilateral contraction: extend the head on the neck
43
Q

What are the attachments and actions of obliquus capitis inferior?

A
  • I: SP of C2
  • S: TVP of C1
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation of the head
44
Q

What are the attachments and actions of obliquus capitis superior?

A
  • I: TVP of C1
  • S: between superior and inferior nuchal lines
  • unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of the head on the neck
  • bilateral contraction: extend the head on the neck
45
Q

Why might rectus capitis posterior minor cause headaches?

A

it attaches to the dura mater and can disrupt normal CSF flow

46
Q

What are the boundaries (incl. floor and roof) of the suboccipital triangle?

A

the most lateral 3 suboccipital muscles define the triangle:

  • inferolateral border: obliquus capitis inferior
  • superolateral border: obliquus capitis superior
  • superomedial border: rectus capitis posterior major
  • floor: posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
  • roof: semispinalis
47
Q

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

A
  • vertebral artery
  • suboccipital nerve
48
Q

What are the anterior/lateral neck muscles?

A

they’re prevertebral

  • rectus capitis anterior
  • rectus capitis lateralis
  • longus colli (aka longus cervis)
  • longus capitis
49
Q

What are the attachment points and actions of rectus capitis anterior?

A
  • I: lateral mass of C1
  • S: occiput
  • flexes head on the neck
50
Q

What are the attachments and actions of rectus capitis lateralis?

A
  • I: TVP of C1
  • S: occiput
  • flexes head on the neck
  • laterally flexes head on neck
51
Q

What are the attachments and actions of longus colli (aka longus cervicis)?

A
  • I: body of T3
  • S: anterior tubercle of C1
  • additional attachments to the bodies and TVPs of the cervical spine
  • flexion of the neck
52
Q

What are the attachments and actions of longus capitis?

A
  • I: TVPs of C3-C6
  • S: occiput
  • flexion of the head and neck
53
Q

What are the lateral neck muscles?

A
  • anterior scalene
  • middle scalene
  • posterior scalene
  • sternocleidomastoid
54
Q

What are the attachments and actions of anterior scalene?

A
  • S: anterior tubercles of C3-C6 TVPs
  • I: rib 1 (scalene tubercle)
  • bilateral contraction: flexion of the neck
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral lateral flexion of the neck
  • elevates 1st rib during forced inhalation
  • unilateral contraction: contralateral rotation of the neck (weak)
55
Q

What are the attachments and actions of middle scalene?

A
  • S: posterior tubercles of C2-C7 TVPs
  • I: rib 1 (posterior to subclavian artery)
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral lateral flexion
  • elevates 1st rib during forced inhalation
  • unilateral contraction: contralateral rotation of the neck (weak)
56
Q

What are the attachments and actions of posterior scalene?

A
  • S: posterior tubercles of C4-C6 TVPs
  • I: rib 2
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral lateral flexion
  • elevates rib 2 during forced inhalation
57
Q

In chart form, how would I lay out attachments of the scalenes?

A
58
Q

What do mylo and genio mean?

A

mill; chin

59
Q

What are the attachments of mylohyoid?

A
  • S: mandible
  • I: hyoid bone
60
Q

What are the attachments of geniohyoid?

A
  • S: mandible
  • I: hyoid bone
61
Q

What are the attachments of stylohyoid?

A
  • S: styloid process of the temporal bone
  • I: hyoid bone
62
Q

What are the attachments of the anterior belly of digastric?

A
  • S: inferior border of the mandible
  • I: intermediate tendon to hyoid (via a connective tissue loop)
63
Q

What’s a good way to remember the suprahyoid muscles?

A

My gen(eration’s) styl(e) is digastric

64
Q

What are the attachments of sternohyoid?

A
  • S: hyoid bone
  • I: manubrium
65
Q

What are the attachments of sternothyroid?

A
  • S: thyroid cartilage
  • I: manubrium
66
Q

What are the attachments of thyrohyoid?

A
  • S: hyoid bone
  • I: thyroid cartilage
67
Q

What are the attachments of the superior belly of omohyoid?

A
  • S: hyoid bone
  • I: intermediate tendon
68
Q

What are the attachments of the inferior belly of omohyoid?

A
  • S: intermediate tendon
  • I: superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch
69
Q

What are the divisions of iliocostalis and generally where do they attach?

A
  • lumborum (angle of ribs 8-12)
  • thoracis (angle of ribs 1-7)
  • cervicis (ribs 4-7 just medial to thoracis; also TVPs of C3-6)

T1 & T2 Anatomy (28 decks)

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