Intro to Arthrology Flashcards
What are joints designed for?
Movement
Joints are typically described as one of three ___axial terms. What are they?
uniaxial (one axis of movement), biaxial (two axes of movement), multiaxial (multiple axes of movement)
What fibrous tissue only occurs in the skull?
sutures
This is a sheet of fibrous tissue that connects some bones, such as those in the forearm in a way that leaves lots of space between the bones and therefore lots of movement
syndesmosis
When a joint is connected by cartilage or combination of cartilage and fibrous tissue, it is a ____ joint
cartilaginous (e.g. cartilage connects the ribs to breastbone)
The vertebrae are connected by ___ ___ discs
fibrocartilagenous intervertebral
What’s the most common type of joint?
synovial
What three features do synovial joints have?
- joint cavity
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
What’s a joint cavity?
space between the 2 joint surfaces
What are five features of articular cartilage?
- shiny, whitish connective tissue
- protects underlying bone
- designed to absorb shock (joint forces), allow movement (smooth surface), and to last (very tough) (it can still be damaged/wear away over time)
- no nerves, no blood vessels
- usually hyaline cartilage
What are four features of a joint capsule?
- surrounds and lines the joint
- does not cover the articular cartilage
- makes the synovial fluid contained within the joint
- friction between the 2 joint surfaces is minimized by lubrication from synovial fluid and by the articular cartilage
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- condyloid (ellipsoid)
- saddle
- ball and socket
- plane
- pivot
- hinge (ginglymus)
What are the a.k.a.s of the ligament of head of femur?
ligamentum teres, round ligament, foveal ligament
A fibrocartilagenous lip that attaches to the bony rim of the acetabulum and functions to deepen the acetabulum (make the “socket” a deeper socket
acetabular labrum
What’s the a.k.a. for the condyloid joint?
ellipsoid
How many axes and what movements do the condyloid joint perform?
- biaxial
- flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (and circumduction)
- e.g. knuckles
How many axes does the saddle joint have, and how would you describe the shape and articulation?
- biaxial
- opposing surfaces are shaped like saddles
- concave and convex articulate with each other
- e.g. thumb
What type of join is multiaxial and has a spheroidal surface that articulates with the socket of another surface?
ball and socket (e.g. hip)
What type of joint performs gliding or sliding movements, has joint surfaces that are flat or almost flat, and is normally uniaxial?
plane (e.g. acromioclavicular joint)
This type of joint is uniaxial and performs rotation movements in which a rounded process rotates within a sleeve or ring.
pivot (e.g. C1-C2; humerus/ulna articulation)
This type of joint is uniaxial, and performs flexion and extension only (also name the a.k.a.)
hinge, a.k.a. ginglymus
What are bursae?
- sacs filled with synovial fluid that decrease the friction generated by the motion of one tissue over another
- normal bursa are flat
- singular: bursa
Where are bursae located? (3 general locations)
between:
- tendons and bony prominences
- tendons and other tendons
- bone and overlying skin
What connects bone to bone?
ligaments (abbr. lig.)
What ‘protective’ features did we learn about the function of ligaments?
they check/restrict a movement to prevent excessive, potentially injurious, movement
When the ligaments and joint capsule are tight; the joint has maximal articular surface contact; and there’s increased stability, decreased mobility; this is ____ position.
close-packed
How would you describe loose-packed position? (three points)
- the ligaments and joint capsule are loose
- the joint has maximal space and available movement
- increased mobility, decreased stability
Which ligaments relax during childbirth to allow passage of the fetus?
vertebropelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis
Where, specifically, does the iliolumbar ligament run, what does it stabilize, and what does it check?
- TVPs (transverse processes) of L4, L5 to posterior iliac crest
- key stabilizer of L5
- checks lateral flexion
This ligament runs from the posterior surface of the sacrum/coccyx to the ischial tuberosity
sacrotuberous ligament
Where does the sacrospinous ligament run?
lateral sacrum/coccyx to the ischial spine
