Osteology and Movement of the Foot Flashcards
What is the “true ankle joint”?
the Talocrural Joint
What’s the articulation of the talocrural joint and what type of joint is it?
- distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the trochlea (dome) of the talus
- synovial hinge (dorsi and plantar flexion)
What’s the deltoid ligament?
four ligaments (anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar)
What does the deltoid ligament attach and what does it check?
- medial malleolus – tarsal bones of the medial foot
- checks eversion of the ankle
What’s an avulsion fracture?
Ligaments stay intact but break away a piece of the bone. (e.g. Since Deltoid Ligament is stronger than bone, injuries to this area might result in fracture of medial malleolus.)
What does the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) attach, and what does it check?
- lateral malleolus – neck of the talus
- checks inversion (especially when ankle is plantar flexed)
What’s the most commonly injured ligament in the foot?
the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
What does the calcaneofibular ligament attach and what does it check?
- lateral malleolus – lateral calcaneus
- checks inversion (when the ankle is in neutral)
What’s the bursa between the Achilles tendon and overlying skin?
-subcutaeous calcaneal (a.k.a. retrocalcaneal)
Where is the subtendinous calcaneal bursa?
between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus
What are the (most relevant) intertarsal joints?
- subtalar
- talocalcaneonavicular
- calcaneocuboid
What’s the articulation of the Subtalar Joint, what type of joint is it, and what are its movements?
- inferior aspect of the talus – superior aspect of calcaneus
- synovial plane
- inversion and eversion (augmented/supported by movements of other joints in foot)
What’s the articulation of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint and what type of joint is it?
- talus – calcaneus – navicular
- synovial ball and socket (but not typical)
What’s the a.k.a. for plantar calcaneonavicular ligament?
spring ligament
What does the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament attach, and what does it help maintain?
- sustentaculum tali – posteroinferior surface of the navicular
- helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch (if stretched, head of talus can sink, resulting in flat foot (pes plantus))
What’s the articulation of the Calcaneocuboid Joint and what type of joint is it?
- calcaneus – cuboid
- synovial plane
What does the long plantar ligament attach and what does it help maintain?
- plantar surface of the calcaneus – cuboid and the bases of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th MTs
- helps maintain the arches of the foot
What’s the a.k.a. for the Transverse Tarsal joint, and what is it really composed of?
- the midtarsal joint
- the talocalcaneonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint are referred to as the transverse tarsal (or midtarsal) joint
What are the available movements of the Transverse Tarsal joint?
-helps increase the inversion/eversion range by allowing abduction and adduction of the forefoot
Tarsometatarsal Joints are made up of which articulations, and what type of joints are they?
- distal 4 tarsal bones – bases of the metatarsals
- synovial plane
What are the ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joints?
Dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments
What are the articulations of the intermetatarsal joints, and what type of joints are they?
- bases of the metatarsals
- synovial plane
What are the ligaments of the intermetatarsal joints?
Bases of the 2nd through 5th metatarsals are firmly bound by dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments
What are the articulations of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints, and what type of joints are they?
- the heads of the metatarsals articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanges
- synovial condyloid
What are the available movements of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
- flexion, extension
- some abduction, adduction, circumduction (by passively grabbing the toe and moving circularly)
What are the ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
- collateral ligaments on either side of the joints
- the plantar surface of the joint capsules are thickened to form the plantar plate (ligaments)
What are the articulations of the interphalangeal joints (PIPs and DIPs), and what type of joints are they?
- the head of one phalanx articulates with the base of the phalanx distal to it
- synovial hinge
What are the available movements of the interphalangeal joints (PIPs and DIPs)?
flesion, extension
What are the ligaments of the interphalangeal joints (PIPs and DIPs)?
collateral ligaments
What are the arches of the foot?
- medial logitudinal arch
- lateral longitudinal arch
- tranverse arch
How are the arches maintained (supported)?
- the shape of the interlocking bones (primary way they’re maintained)
- the ligaments
- the fascia
- the action of the muscles
What’s the primary function of the Medial Logitudinal Arch?
Propulsion, not weight-bearing
What are the bones of the Medial Logitudinal Arch?
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- 3 cuneiforms
- metatarsals 1-3
What’s the primary function of the Lateral Logitudinal Arch?
Weight-bearing, not propulsion
What are the bones of the Lateral Longitudinal Arch?
- calcaneus
- cuboid
- metatarsals 4 and 5
What are the parts of the transverse arch?
- anterior: head of the 1st MT to the head of the 5th MT
- middle: cuneiform #1 to cuboid
- posterior: navicular to cuboid
Where does the Plantar Fascia (or Plantar Aponeurosis) attach?
medial calcaneal tubercle – proximal phalanx of each toe
What does the long plantar ligament help form a tunnel for?
tendon of peroneus longus
