The inflammatory response Flashcards
What is inflammatory response
-physiological response to tissue damage
-most common when microbes have overcome other non-specific defence mechanisms
-suffix ‘itis’ = inflammatory response
Stages of inflammation
- initiation
- degranulation
3.outcomes of acute inflammation
Stage 1: Initiation stage
-non-specific leukocytes in skin and connective tissue eg. mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
-activate and bind to 2 types of molecule:
1.pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
2.damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPS)
Mast cells
-made bone marrow
-present in most tissues
-coordinate how the immune and nervous system respond to infections
-release cytokines, histamines
Stage 2: Degranulation
Mediator actions
-increased tissue fluid formation
-migration of leukocytes
-increased temperature
-pain
-suppuration
Increased tissue fluid formation
-vasodilation- wider capillaries, slower blood flow, increase permeability of endothelial cells
-swelling of affected area
-protects injured site
-promotes fluid drainage
Migration of leukocytes
-blood thickens, slower flow
-adhere to wall and squeeze through endothelial cells
-phagocytosis of dead/ dying tissue
-chemotaxis- attraction neutrophils ad macrophages to an area of inflammation
Increased temperature
-thermostat in hypothalamus changes to increase metabolic rate of cells and inhibits growth and division of pathogens
-causes increased oxygen demand
Pain
-local swelling compresses nerve endings
-chemical mediators increase sensitivity of nerve endings
Supparation
-puss formation
-collection dead phagocytes, cells, pathogens
-at surface= pustule
-in tissue space= abscess
Outcomes of acute inflammation
-resolution- cause is overcome, damage cells removed and replaced with healthy tissue
-development of chronic inflammation- if resolution isn’t complete. eg. Remaining microbes from bone infections etc.
