The inflammatory response

Question 1

What is inflammatory response

Answer 1

-physiological response to tissue damage
-most common when microbes have overcome other non-specific defence mechanisms
-suffix ‘itis’ = inflammatory response

Question 2

Stages of inflammation

Answer 2

1. initiation
2. degranulation
   3.outcomes of acute inflammation

Question 3

Stage 1: Initiation stage

Answer 3

-non-specific leukocytes in skin and connective tissue eg. mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
-activate and bind to 2 types of molecule:
1.pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
2.damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPS)

Question 4

Mast cells

Answer 4

-made bone marrow
-present in most tissues
-coordinate how the immune and nervous system respond to infections
-release cytokines, histamines

Question 5

Stage 2: Degranulation

Answer 5

Mediator actions
-increased tissue fluid formation
-migration of leukocytes
-increased temperature
-pain
-suppuration

Question 6

Increased tissue fluid formation

Answer 6

-vasodilation- wider capillaries, slower blood flow, increase permeability of endothelial cells
-swelling of affected area
-protects injured site
-promotes fluid drainage

Question 7

Migration of leukocytes

Answer 7

-blood thickens, slower flow
-adhere to wall and squeeze through endothelial cells
-phagocytosis of dead/ dying tissue
-chemotaxis- attraction neutrophils ad macrophages to an area of inflammation

Question 8

Increased temperature

Answer 8

-thermostat in hypothalamus changes to increase metabolic rate of cells and inhibits growth and division of pathogens
-causes increased oxygen demand

Question 9

Pain

Answer 9

-local swelling compresses nerve endings
-chemical mediators increase sensitivity of nerve endings

Question 10

Supparation

Answer 10

-puss formation
-collection dead phagocytes, cells, pathogens
-at surface= pustule
-in tissue space= abscess

Question 11

Outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 11

-resolution- cause is overcome, damage cells removed and replaced with healthy tissue
-development of chronic inflammation- if resolution isn’t complete. eg. Remaining microbes from bone infections etc.