Joints of body

Question 1

Structural classification of joints

Answer 1

-fibrous joints- bones held by dense collagen fibres eg. skull, teeth
-cartilaginous joints- bones held by cartilage eg. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
-synovial joints- bones held by ligaments eg. arms, hips, legs

Question 2

Functional classification of joints

Answer 2

-synarthrosis- immovable
-amphiarthrosis- slightly movable
-diarthrosis- freely movable

Question 3

Accessory structures in synovial joints

Answer 3

-joint capsule lined by synovial membrane
-they encompass joint cavity with synovial fluid in it
-bursae are fluid filled

Question 4

Fibrous joint features

Answer 4

-lack cartilage and synovial cavity
-bones held close by irregular connective tissue
eg. suture joints in skull or teeth joints

Question 5

Cartilaginous joint features

Answer 5

-consist of a bar of cartilage between 2 bones
-lack synovial cavity
-little or no movement
-eg. pubic symphysis or intervertebral discs of spine

Question 6

Synovial joint features

Answer 6

-ligaments hold bones together to form synovial cavity
-freely moveable
-2 layers of capsule encloses synovial cavity: outer fibrous capsule + inner synovial membrane
-synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction
eg. arms, hips, legs

Question 7

Accessory structures of synovial joints

Answer 7

-joint capsules- composed of dense irregular cartilaginous tissue lined with synovial membrane
-ligaments- dense regular cartilaginous tissue
-bursae- fluid filled sacs to reduce friction
-menisci- dense fibrocartilage provide strength
-blood supply- arteries merge around joint before penetrating articular capsule

Question 8

6 types synovial joints

Answer 8

-plane joint- between tarsals
-hinge joint- humerus and ulna
-pivot joint- head of radius and ulna
-condyloid joint- between radius, scaphoid and lunate (arm and hand)
-saddle joint- between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
-ball and socket- femur and pelvis

Question 9

4 types joint movements

Answer 9

-gliding
-angular movements
-rotation
-special movements

Question 10

Gliding movements

Answer 10

-back and forth and side to side
-limited in range
-typical of intercarpal joints

Question 11

Angular movements

Answer 11

-increase or decrease angle between articulating bones
-flexion- decrease
-extension= increase
-abduction= away from midline
-adduction= toward midline
-circumduction- circular movement

Question 12

Rotation

Answer 12

-involves a bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis
eg. neck

Question 13

Special movements

Answer 13

-elevation- upward movement eg. closing mouth
-depression- downward movement eg. opening mouth
-protraction- movement of body part anteriorly eg. thrust jaw forward
-retraction- movement back to normal
-inversion- movement of foot medially
-eversion- movement of foot laterally
-dorsiflexion- bending ankle upward
-plantarflexion- bending ankle downward
-supination- move forearm so palm is turned upward
-pronation- move forearm so palm is downward