Intro to the human body Flashcards
Anatomy-
Physiology-
-body structure
-science of body functions including homeostasis
Homeostasis-
keeping the organ systems of the body in balance despite external influences
Surface anatomy-
study of form and markings of the body surface, studied by visualisation or palpation (without any cutting)
Palpation
Using ones hand to check the body by pressing on the surface
Gross anatomy-
-study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye, can involve dissection
Two approaches
-systematic- eg study of blood vessels, all muscles/ bones
-regional- eg specific region like head, neck, thorax
6 important life processes
metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in the body
responsiveness- ability to detect changes which might be a threat
movement- muscles, subcellular structures
growth- increase in body size, more cells, cell growth
differentiation- process where a cell specialises
reproduction- formation new cells, or new individual
Homeostasis
-condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment
-dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in a narrow range
Body fluids-
-dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside the cell
-intercellular fluid (ICF)- inside cell
-extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cell
-interstitial fluid (ECF)- between cells and tissue
Examples of bodily fluids
-blood plasma (ecf)
-lymph (ecf) within lymphatic vessels
-cerebrospinal fluid (ecf) in brain and spinal cord
-synovial fluid (ecf) in the joints
-aqueous humour (ecf) in the eyes
What does cellular function depend on
-regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid
-composition changes as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid
What can challenge homeostasis
-physical insults eg intense heat or lack of oxygen
- changes in internal environment eg drop in blood glucose
-physiological stress eg work
These are all mild if balance is quickly restored
If intense, or prolonged can result in disease or death
Cycle/ control of homeostasis
Negative feedback cycle
-receptor
-control centre eg brain 🧠
-effector
Types of feedback systems
-Negative- reverses a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions eg temperature, blood glucose
-Positive- strengthens or reinforces change eg child birth, blood clotting 🩸
What is assessed when diagnosing disease
- Signs and symptoms
-signs- effect of a health problem that can be observed (objective)
-symptoms- effect noticed or experienced only by the person that has the condition (subjective) - Medical history
-collecting info about the event
-present illness and past medical problems - Physical examination
-orderly evaluation of the body and function
-non invasive techniques eg. temperature, respiratory rate, ECG, blood glucose
Anatomical position
-subject stands erect, facing observer, feet flat on floor, arms at side, palms forward
-use patients left and rights
-all anatomical descriptions are in reference to the anatomical position
Anatomical terminology
12 Descriptive terms
1.Top/bottom
2.Front/back
3.Toward/away midline
4.near/far origination
5.Same/ different side
6.Surface/ core
-Superior- above, top, towards head
-Inferior- below, bottom, away from head
-Anterior (ventral)- towards the front
-Posterior (dorsal)- towards the back
-Medial- toward the midline
-Lateral- away from midline
-Proximal- nearest to the origination (eg knee is proximal than the feet to the hip= origination)
-Distal- farther from origination
-Ipsilateral- same side of the body
-Contralateral- opposite side of the body
-Superficial- towards the surface
-Deep- towards core of body
Anatomical terminology
Descriptive terms
-Parietal- relating to a covering against a cavity wall (outer)
-Visceral- relating to a covering over an organ (inner)
Skull
Cranial
Neck
Cervical
Elbow
cubital
Wrist
carpal
knee
patellar
eye
orbital
chest
thoracic
groin
inguinal
hand/palm
metacarpal
sole of foot
plantar
cheek
buccal
armpit
axillary
thigh
femoral
buttock
gluteal
ankle
tarsal
toes/fingers
digital/ phalangeal
3 body planes
Sagittal- midline
Transverse- horizontal
Frontal- coronal
Body cavities
Cranial- cranial bones, brain
Vertebral canal- vertebral column, spinal cord
Thoracic cavity- pleural, pericardial and mediastinum cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity- abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
What is the trunk describing
Refers to both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Mediastinal cavity
Location
-central part of thoracic cavity
Left and right pleural cavities
2 fluid filled sacs that surround each lung
Pericardial cavity
Location, description
-Located withing middle of mediastinal cavity in the thoracic cavity
-fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
Location, description
-extends diaphragm to groin
2 portions:
Abdominal cavity- contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, S+L intestines
Pelvic cavity- contains bladder, reproductive system, some L intestine
What membranes line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and describe them
Serous membrane
-adhere to outer surface of organs (viscera) and double back on themselves to line the cavity wall
Visceral layer covers organs withing cavity
Parietal layer lines cavity walls
Abdominopelvic quadrants and what organs present
Right upper quadrant- liver
Left upper quadrant- spleen, left kidney
Right lower quadrant- appendix
Left lower quadrant- left ovary
9 abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
(starting from top right, moving left)
- Right hypochondriac- liver, gallbladder, R kidney
- Epigastric region- stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen
- Left hypochondriac- spleen, colon, L kidney
- R lumbar- liver, gallbladder
- Umbilical region- S intestine
- L lumbar region- descending colon, L kidney
- R iliac/ inguinal- appendix
- Hypogastric region- bladder, repro organs
- L iliac/ inguinal- descending colon
