Intro to the human body Flashcards
Anatomy-
Physiology-
-body structure
-science of body functions including homeostasis
Homeostasis-
keeping the organ systems of the body in balance despite external influences
Surface anatomy-
study of form and markings of the body surface, studied by visualisation or palpation (without any cutting)
Palpation
Using ones hand to check the body by pressing on the surface
Gross anatomy-
-study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye, can involve dissection
Two approaches
-systematic- eg study of blood vessels, all muscles/ bones
-regional- eg specific region like head, neck, thorax
6 important life processes
metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions in the body
responsiveness- ability to detect changes which might be a threat
movement- muscles, subcellular structures
growth- increase in body size, more cells, cell growth
differentiation- process where a cell specialises
reproduction- formation new cells, or new individual
Homeostasis
-condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment
-dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in a narrow range
Body fluids-
-dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside the cell
-intercellular fluid (ICF)- inside cell
-extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cell
-interstitial fluid (ECF)- between cells and tissue
Examples of bodily fluids
-blood plasma (ecf)
-lymph (ecf) within lymphatic vessels
-cerebrospinal fluid (ecf) in brain and spinal cord
-synovial fluid (ecf) in the joints
-aqueous humour (ecf) in the eyes
What does cellular function depend on
-regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid
-composition changes as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid
What can challenge homeostasis
-physical insults eg intense heat or lack of oxygen
- changes in internal environment eg drop in blood glucose
-physiological stress eg work
These are all mild if balance is quickly restored
If intense, or prolonged can result in disease or death
Cycle/ control of homeostasis
Negative feedback cycle
-receptor
-control centre eg brain 🧠
-effector
Types of feedback systems
-Negative- reverses a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions eg temperature, blood glucose
-Positive- strengthens or reinforces change eg child birth, blood clotting 🩸
What is assessed when diagnosing disease
- Signs and symptoms
-signs- effect of a health problem that can be observed (objective)
-symptoms- effect noticed or experienced only by the person that has the condition (subjective) - Medical history
-collecting info about the event
-present illness and past medical problems - Physical examination
-orderly evaluation of the body and function
-non invasive techniques eg. temperature, respiratory rate, ECG, blood glucose
Anatomical position
-subject stands erect, facing observer, feet flat on floor, arms at side, palms forward
-use patients left and rights
-all anatomical descriptions are in reference to the anatomical position
Anatomical terminology
12 Descriptive terms
1.Top/bottom
2.Front/back
3.Toward/away midline
4.near/far origination
5.Same/ different side
6.Surface/ core
-Superior- above, top, towards head
-Inferior- below, bottom, away from head
-Anterior (ventral)- towards the front
-Posterior (dorsal)- towards the back
-Medial- toward the midline
-Lateral- away from midline
-Proximal- nearest to the origination (eg knee is proximal than the feet to the hip= origination)
-Distal- farther from origination
-Ipsilateral- same side of the body
-Contralateral- opposite side of the body
-Superficial- towards the surface
-Deep- towards core of body
Anatomical terminology
Descriptive terms
-Parietal- relating to a covering against a cavity wall (outer)
-Visceral- relating to a covering over an organ (inner)
