Endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine system
-composed of, regulates and responds to?

Answer 1

-made up of glands and hormones
-regulates growth, metabolism and sexual development
-responses to stress and injury
-homeostasis

Question 2

Control of hormone secretions

Answer 2

-hypothalamus releases hormone
-pituitary stimulates hormone
-target gland secretes hormones

Question 3

Pituitary gland

Answer 3

-base of brain, hypophyseal fossa
-attaches to hypothalamus via pituitary stalk/ infundibulum
-consists anterior and posterior sections
-master gland

Question 4

Posterior pituitary
hormones secreted

Answer 4

-secretes oxytocin- uterus contract, lactation
-secretes ADH which control water levels in the body

Question 5

Anterior pituitary
hormones secreted

Answer 5

-prolactin/ PRL- stimulates milk production in women’s breasts
-growth hormone/ GH- stimulates growth in children and maintains healthy body composition. In adults it maintains muscle and bone mass
-ACTH- stimulates production of cortisol
-thyroid stimulating hormone/ TSH- stimulates thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, energy, growth etc
-luteinizing hormone- reg. testosterone and oestrogen
-follicle stimulating hormone- sperm production and release of eggs

Question 6

Thyroid gland
location, function

Answer 6

-inside neck
-anterior to trachea and below thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
-controls metabolism

Question 7

Thyroid hormones

Answer 7

-thyroxine (T4) & tri-iodothyronine(T3) - increase rate cells release energy from carbs
-calcitonin- regulates blood conc of calcium

Question 8

Basal metabolic rate-

Answer 8

how many calories the body must consume to maintain life

Question 9

Thyroid disorders and symptoms

Answer 9

-goiter- too little iodine causes thyroid to swell
-hypothyroidism- cause reduce growth, intellectual disability (children), weight gain (adults)
-hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease)- restlessness, weight loss, anxiety, can cause goiter

Question 10

Parathyroid gland

Answer 10

-located behind thyroid
-4 tiny glands help maintain calcium and phosphorous levels
-secretes parathyroid hormone which takes calcium from bones to make it available in the blood

Question 11

Adrenal glands

Answer 11

-above each kidney
-outer portion= adrenal cortex
-inner portion= adrenal medulla

Question 12

Hormones of adrenal medulla

Answer 12

-epinephrine and norepinephrine
-increase HR, BR, BP (fight or flight)

Question 13

Hormones of adrenal cortex

Answer 13

Aldosterone-mineralocorticoid, maintains BP, conserves Na, excrete K
Cortisol- glucocorticoid, keeps blood glucose levels stable
Adrenal sex hormones- androgens (male) oestrogens (female)

Question 14

Clinical points adrenal glands

Answer 14

-Cushing’s syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol)- blood glucose remains high, too much Na retained, puffy skin, masculinising effects in women eg. hirsutism (facial hair)
-Addison’s disease (hyposecretion of cortisol)- decreased Na, dehydration, low BP, increased pigmentation in skin

Question 15

Pancreas

Answer 15

-large gland behind stomach
-maintains blood sugar levels
-islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin
-glucagon- liver break down glycogen into glucose
-insulin- decreases blood sugar conc

Question 16

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

-results from insulin deficiency
-causes blood sugars rise
Type 1= insulin dependent diabetes or juvenile onset, caused by inherited immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells
Type 2= mature onset diabetes, often overweight, controlled with diet and exercise

Question 17

Pineal gland

Answer 17

-located between cerebral hemispheres
-secretes melatonin which maintains circadian rhythms

Question 18

Thymus gland

Answer 18

-large in young children
-shrinks with age
-secretes thymosins
-important to immune function

Question 19

Reproductive glands

Answer 19

-testes and ovaries
-secrete testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen